“He said: I am the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. Moses hid his face, for he was afraid of looking at God” (Exodus 3:6). “He said: I am the God of your father” – that is what is written: “A fool [peti] believes everything” (Proverbs 14:15). What is a peti? It is a lad, as in Arabia they call a lad petaya. Alternatively, peti is nothing but an expression of seduction, as it is stated: “If a man seduces [yefateh] a woman” (Exodus 22:15). Rabbi Yehoshua Ha-Kohen bar Neḥemya said: At the moment that The Holy One blessed be He appeared to Moses, Moses was a novice at prophecy. The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘If I appear to him in loud voice, I will terrify him; in soft voice, he will take prophecy lightly.’ What did He do? He appeared to him with the voice of his father. Moses said: ‘Here I am; what does Abba1The Aramaic term by which Jews to this day refer to their fathers. want?’ The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘I am not your father [Amram], but rather the God of your father. I have come to you with inducements so you will not be afraid.’ “The God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob” – Moses was joyful and said: ‘Abba is enumerated with the patriarchs. Moreover, he is greater, as he was mentioned first.’2In the verse, God introduces himself as “the God of your father,” and then as “the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.” “Moses hid his face” – he said: ‘The God of my father is standing here and I am not hiding my face?’ Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa and Rabbi Hoshaya, one of them says: Moses did not act properly when he hid his face, as had he not hidden his face, The Holy One blessed be He would have revealed to him what is above, what is below, what was, and what is destined to be. Ultimately, he requested to see, as it is stated: “Please show me Your glory” (Exodus 33:18). The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘I came to appear to you, and you hid your face. Now I say to you: “For man will not see Me and live” (Exodus 33:20); when I wanted, you did not want.’ Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin said in the name of Rabbi Levi: Nevertheless, He showed him.3Even though according to the previous opinion, hiding his face was inappropriate, God showed him the three mysteries mentioned above. As reward for “Moses hid his face” – “the Lord spoke to Moses face to face” (Exodus 33:11); as reward for “For he was afraid,” – “they were afraid to approach him (Exodus 34:30); as reward for “of looking [mehabit]” – “and the likeness of the Lord he beholds [yabit]” (Numbers 12:8). Rabbi Hoshaya the Great said: He acted properly when he hid his face. The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘I came to reveal My face to you, and you honored Me and hid your face; by your life, you are destined to be with Me on the mountain for forty days and forty nights, without eating and without drinking, and you are destined to enjoy the aura of the Divine Presence, as it is stated: “Moses did not know that the skin of his face glowed” (Exodus 34:29). However, Nadav and Avihu uncovered their heads and feasted their eyes on the aura of the Divine Presence, as it is stated: “Against the nobles of the children of Israel He did not extend His hand” (Exodus 24:11), and they did not receive punishment for what they did.
“The Lord said: I have seen My people’s affliction that is in Egypt, and I have heard their outcry because of their taskmasters, as I know their pain” (Exodus 3:7). “The Lord said: I have seen My people’s affliction” – that is what is written: “For He knows vain men [metei shav]” (Job 11:11); The Holy One blessed be He knows the people who die [metim] to perform vanity. Alternatively, The Holy One blessed be He knows the people who are destined to perform vanity and be killed, as it is stated: “Your men [metayikh] will fall by the sword” (Isaiah 3:25). In contrast, “He sees iniquity but does not consider it” (Job 11:11). How so? You find that at the moment that Hagar left Abraham’s house, she and her son, what is written? “The water in the skin finished…she went and sat down at a distance” (Genesis 21:15–16). Rabbi Berekhya said: She began reproaching Heaven; she said: ‘Master of the universe, yesterday You said to me: “I will multiply your descendants,” and today he is dying.’ Immediately, “the angel of God called to Hagar” (Genesis 21:17). Rabbi Simon said: The ministering angels sought to denounce him [Ishmael]. They said before Him: ‘Master of the universe, a person who is destined to cause your children to die of thirst,4The reference is unclear. Possibly it refers to the story in Lamentations Rabba 2:4 in which the Ishmaelites caused refugees from Nebuchadnezzar to die of thirst. are You bringing up a well for him? It is proper to bring it up for six hundred thousand who are destined to recite before You: “This is my God and I will glorify Him”’ (Exodus 15:2). He said to them: ‘Now, is he righteous or wicked’? They said before Him: ‘He is righteous.’ He said to them: ‘I only judge a person at his time.’5Although God perceives future sins, He judges only those actions already performed. Therefore it is written: “He sees iniquity but does not consider it.” Likewise, when Israel was in Egypt, The Holy One blessed be He saw what they were destined to do; that is what is written: “The Lord said: I have seen [ra’o ra’iti].” It does not say ra’iti, but rather, ra’o ra’iti.6That is, the verb is doubled, combining the absolute infinitive ra’o with the first person past ra’iti, meaning ‘I have seen.’This formulation is common in Biblical Hebrew and is often understood to indicate emphasis. Nevertheless, the midrash takes the opportunity to expound the double verb. The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘You see one sight but I see two sights. You see them arriving at Sinai and receiving My Torah, and I see them receiving My Torah, that is ra’o; [but I also see] ra’iti, that is the sight of the deed of the calf, as it is stated; “I have seen [ra’iti] this people” (Exodus 32:9). When I come to Sinai to give them the Torah, I descend in my tatramoli,7A quadriga, a chariot drawn by four animals abreast. The allusion is to the divine chariot depicted in Ezekiel 1. and they look at me and remove one of them8One of the creatures depicted in the divine chariot in Ezekiel is a bull. and anger me with it. Nevertheless, I am not judging them on the basis of the actions that they are destined to do but rather according to the situation now. For I have heard their cry, even though I know their pain that they are destined to cause.’ That is ra’ora’iti. What is: “As I know their pain?” I know how much they are destined to pain Me in the wilderness,9The midrash is interpreting makhovav, “its pain,” to refer to pain inflicted by Israel, rather than pain they experienced. as it is stated: “How often did they defy Him in the wilderness, and aggrieve Him in the wasteland” (Psalms 78:40). Nevertheless, I will not refrain from delivering them. Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said: Otniel ben Kenaz argued this matter before the Holy One blessed be He. He said: ‘Master of the universe, this is what you promised to Moses, whether they do Your will or they do not do Your will, you deliver them, as it is stated: “The spirit of the Lord was upon him, and he judged Israel”’10This is a reference to Otniel ben Kenaz. (Judges 3:10). Therefore, it is written: “As I know their pain.” Nevertheless, I will deliver them.
“I have come down to deliver them from the hand of Egypt and to take them up from that land to a good and expansive land, to a land flowing with milk and honey, to the place of the Canaanites and the Hittites and the Emorites and the Perizzites and the Hivvites and the Yevusites” (Exodus 3:8). “I have come down to deliver them from the hand of Egypt…” – the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘I told their patriarch Jacob: “I will go down with you into Egypt and I will take you up…” (Genesis 46:4). Now I have come down here to take his descendants up, as I said to Jacob their patriarch. To where will I take them up? To the place from which I took them, to the land about which I took an oath to their ancestors.’ That is what is written: “And to take them up from that land…” “And now, behold, the outcry of the children of Israel has come to Me and I have also seen the oppression that the Egyptians are oppressing them” (Exodus 3:9). “And now, behold, the outcry of the children of Israel has come to Me,” – until now, their outcry has not come to Me, as the end that I said to Abraham had not yet arrived: “And [they] will serve them, and they will afflict them four hundred years” (Genesis 15:13). “Go now, and I will send you to Pharaoh, and take My people the children of Israel out of Egypt” (Exodus 3:10). “Go [lekha] now, and I will send you to Pharaoh” – Rabbi Elazar said: Lekha [ending with the letter heh] is emphatic, saying that if you do not deliver them there is no one else to deliver them.11The midrash is reading lekha, go, as a conjunction of lekh ata, go you.
“Moses said to God: 'Who am I, that I should go to Pharaoh, and that I should take the children of Israel out of Egypt?’” (Exodus 3:11) “Moses said to God: Who am I [anokhi]?” Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: This is analogous to a king who married off his daughter and committed to give her one province and gentlewoman as a maidservant, and he gave her a Kushite maidservant. His son-in-law said: ‘Didn’t you commit to give me a gentlewoman as a maidservant?’ So, Moses said before the Holy One blessed be He: ‘Master of the universe, when Jacob descended to Egypt, didn’t you say this to them: “I [Anokhi] will descend with you into Egypt and I [Anokhi] will take you up” (Genesis 46:4), and now you say to me: “Go now, and I will send you to Pharaoh”? It is not I [anokhi] about whom you said: “And I [Anokhi] will take you up.”’12Moses is, as it were, pointing out to God that He promised to take Israel out of Egypt Himself, and not by means of an agent. Another interpretation: Rabbi Nehorai says: Moses said before the Holy One blessed be He: ‘You say to me: Go and take Israel out. Where do I shelter13Following Rabbi David Luria’s emendation mashkinam rather that mashkim. them in the summer due to the sun, and in the winter due to the cold? From where do I provide food and drink? How many birth mothers are among them, how many pregnant women, how many children are among them, how many types of foods have you provided them to sustain them, how many delicacies have you prepared for the pregnant women, how much toasted grain and how many nuts have you provided for the children?’ Where is this matter explicated? It is in Song of Songs, as it is stated: “Tell me, whom my soul loves…” (Song of Songs 1:7). The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘The bread that came out with them from Egypt will suffice them for thirty days; you know how I am destined to lead them.’ Another interpretation: “Who am I?” – He [Moses] said before Him: ‘Master of the universe, how am I able to enter a place of robbers and a place of murderers? That is: “Who am I, that I should go to Pharaoh…” “And that I should take the children of Israel out” – what merit do they possess that will enable me to take them out?’ The Holy One blessed be He said to him: “Because I will be with you” (Exodus 3:12). One says “I will be with you” only to someone who is afraid. “He said: Because I will be with you, and this is your sign that it is I who sent you: When you take the people out of Egypt, you will serve God upon this mountain” (Exodus 3:12). “And this is your sign that I sent you” – and in this manner it will be apparent that you are My emissary, because I will be with you and anything you wish I will perform. “When you take the people out of Egypt, you will serve God upon this mountain.” That which you said: ‘With what merit will I take them out of Egypt?’ Know that due to the merit of the Torah that they are destined to receive through you on this mountain they will emerge from there. Another matter: “[you will serve] God” – what is it that He said to him: “That I [anokhi] sent you”?14Why does the verse change from first person to third person? “This is your sign that it is I who sent you…you will serve God.” Our Rabbis of blessed memory said: A sign of the first deliverance is that Israel went down to Egypt with anokhi, as it is stated: “I [anokhi] will go down with you to Egypt” (Genesis 46:4), and with anokhi I will take you up. A sign of the ultimate redemption is that with anokhi they will be cured and are destined to be delivered, as it is stated: “Behold I [anokhi] will send you Elijah the prophet” (Malachi 3:23).
“Moses said to God: Behold, when I come to the children of Israel, and say to them: The God of your fathers has sent me to you; and they say to me: What is His name? What shall I say to them?” (Exodus 3:13). “Moses said to God: Behold, when I come…” – Rabbi Shimon of Lod said in the name of Rabbi Simon in the name of Reish Lakish: Moses said: I am destined to become an intermediary between You and them when You give them the Torah and say to them: “I am the Lord your God” (Exodus 20:2). “The God of your fathers has sent me to you” – at that moment, Moses was clarifying his undertaking, as he feared if they asked him “what is His name” what would he say to them? At that moment, Moses requested that the Holy One blessed be He make known to him His great name.
“God said to Moses: 'I will be what I will be,' and He said: 'So shall you say to the children of Israel: I will be has sent me to you” (Exodus 3:14). “God said to Moses” – Rabbi Abba bar Mamal said: The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: You seek to know My name? I am named according to My actions. At [different] times I am named God Almighty [El Shaddai], [Lord of] Hosts [Tzevaot], God [Elohim], the Lord [Y-H-V-H].15The ineffable name, pronounced Adonai. When I judge [My] creatures, I am called Elohim. When I wage war against the wicked, I am called Tzevaot. When I abide a person’s sins, I am called El Shaddai. When I have mercy on My world I am called Y-H-V-H, as Y-H-V-H is nothing other than the attribute of mercy, as it is stated: “Y-H-V-H, Y-H-V-H, merciful and gracious God” (Exodus 34:6). That is, “I will be what I will be,” I am named based on My actions. Rabbi Yitzḥak says: The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘Say to them: It is I who have been with you in the past, and it is I now, and it is I in the future;’ therefore, “I will be” is written three times. Another interpretation: “I will be what I will be,” – Rabbi Yaakov son of Rabbi Avina said in the name of Rabbi Huna of Tzipporin: The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘Say to them: In this servitude I will be with them and into servitude they are going and I will be with them.’ He said before Him: ‘Is that what I should say to them? The present trouble is sufficient.’16An expression meaning that one should not concern oneself with future troubles that are not in one’s control. He said to him: ‘No, “so shall you say to the children of Israel: I will be has sent me to you.” I am informing you, but I am not informing them.’ Another interpretation: “I will be [ehyeh]” – Rabbi Yitzḥak said in the name of Rabbi Ammi: They are standing with mortar and bricks, and to mortar and bricks they are going. Likewise, regarding Daniel: “I, Daniel, was stricken [niyeti]17The verb root is the same as ehyeh. The verse in Daniel serves as a prooftext to the notion that the root heh yod heh can refer to suffering. and became ill” (Daniel 8:27). He [Moses] said before Him: ‘Is that what I should say to them?’ He said to him: ‘No, but rather “Ehyeh has sent me to you.”’18As in the previous opinion, God tells Moses to inform them only that God will help them in the present suffering and not about His help in any future suffering. Rabbi Yoḥanan said: I will be for whom I will be for individuals; but for the masses, even against their will, not for their well-being, while breaking their teeth, I will rule over them, as it is stated: “As I live, says the Lord God, surely with a mighty hand, and with an outstretched arm, and with outpoured fury, I will rule over you” (Ezekiel 20:33). Another matter, as Rabbi Ananiel ben Rabbi Sason said: The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘When I wish, one of the angels, who is one-third the size of the world, extends his hand from the heavens and touches the earth, as it is stated: “He19An angel. extended the form of a hand and took me by a lock of my head” (Ezekiel 8:3). And when I wished, I made three of them sit under a tree, as it is stated: “And recline under the tree” (Genesis 18:4). And when I wish, My glory fills the entire world, as it is stated: “Don’t I fill the heavens and the earth? – the utterance of the Lord” (Jeremiah 23:24). And when I wished, I spoke to Job from the tempest, as it is stated: “The Lord answered Job from the tempest” (Job 38:1); and when I wish, from the midst of the bush.’
“God said further to Moses: So shall you say to the children of Israel: The Lord, the God of your fathers, God of Abraham, God of Isaac, and God of Jacob, has sent me to you; this is My name forever, and this is My memorial for all generations” (Exodus 3:15). “God said further to Moses: So shall you say to the children of Israel: The Lord [Y-H-V-H], the God of your fathers…” Go and speak to them in My name, which is the attribute of justice, with which I conduct Myself with them due to the merit of their forefathers. Know that I am speaking about the forefathers Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; that is what is written: “The Lord, the God of your fathers, God of Abraham, God of Isaac, and God of Jacob, has sent me to you.” When Moses heard that He did not mention his father as He had initially,20Exodus 3:6. See the midrash on that verse. he said before Him: ‘Master of the universe, are there sinners in the grave?’ He said to him: ‘No.’ He said before Him: ‘In the past, You said Your name in association with my father, and now You have removed it.’ He said to him: ‘Initially, I tempted you with inducements, from this point forward, I speak words of truth with you.’ “This is My name forever [leolam]” – [leolam is written] without a vav,21When spelled that way it evokes haalama, meaning concealment. so that a person will not enunciate God’s name, as it is written. “And this is My memorial for all generations” – so that one refers to Him only with an appellation.
“Go and gather the elders of Israel, and say to them: The Lord, the God of your fathers, God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob, has appeared to me, saying: I have remembered you, and what is being done to you in Egypt” (Exodus 3:16). “Go and gather the elders of Israel.” The elders always uphold Israel, and thus it says: “And all Israel, and its elders, and its officers, and its judges, stood on this side and on that side of the ark” (Joshua 8:33). When is Israel capable of standing? It is when they have elders. Why, when the Temple was standing, did they consult with the elders, as it is stated: “Ask your father and he will tell you; your elders and they will say to you” (Deuteronomy 32:7)? It is because anyone who takes counsel from elders does not fail. Know that when ben-Hadad sent to the king of Israel, as it is stated: “So said ben-Hadad: Your silver and your gold are mine” (I Kings 20:3), the king of Israel sent to him: “As you said, my lord king: I, and everything that I have are yours” (Ibid. 20:4). He sent to him a second time: “But tomorrow at this time, I will send my servants to you and they will search your house, and the houses of your servants; and it will be, that everything precious [maḥmad] to you, they will seize, and take it” (I Kings 20:6). Was everything that he demanded initially not precious? He demanded silver and gold and they are precious, as it is stated: “And the precious items [ḥemdat] of all the peoples will come” (Haggai 2:7). 22The following verse in Haggai states: “Mine is the silver, and Mine the gold, the utterance of the Lord of hosts.” He demanded women and they are precious, as it is stated: “Son of man, behold, I am taking away from you the desire [maḥmad] of your eyes…” (Ezekiel 24:16). He demanded children, and they are precious, as it is stated: “And I will slay the beloved fruit [maḥmad] of their womb” (Hosea 9:16). You must say: Everything he demanded initially was precious, and “everything precious to you” is an item that is ultimately precious, that is the Torah, as it is stated: “More precious than gold and more than much fine gold” (Psalms 19:11). When the king of Israel heard this, he said: ‘This is not mine, but rather it belongs to the elders.’ Immediately, “The king of Israel called all the elders of the land…and all the elders and all the people said to him: Neither heed nor consent” (I Kings 20:7–8). Once he heeded the counsel of the elders, immediately: “The king of Israel went out, and smote the horses and the chariots” (I Kings 20:21). That is Israel consulting the elders. Therefore, the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: “Go and gather the elders of Israel.” “Say to them…I have remembered [pakod pakadeti].” He said to him: ‘They have a tradition from Joseph that I will deliver them with this expression.23“God will remember [pakod yifkod] you” (Genesis 50:24). Go and say to them: This is the sign.’ What is pakod pakadeti? Pakod in Egypt, pakadeti at the sea; pakod in the future, pakadeti in the past. “And what is being done to you in Egypt” – in other words, I will remember for the Egyptians what they are doing to you, as it is stated: “I remember what Amalek did to you” (I Samuel 15:2). 24The verse actually states: “I remember what Amalek did to Israel.” This statement precedes God’s command to King Saul to annihilate Amalek. “And I said: I will take you up out of the affliction of Egypt, to the land of the Canaanites and the Hitites and the Emorites and the Perizites and the Hivites and the Yevusites, to a land flowing with milk and honey. They will listen to your voice and you shall go, you and the elders of Israel, to the king of Egypt and you shall say to him: The Lord, God of the Hebrews, happened upon us. And now, please, let us go a journey of three days in the wilderness, and we will sacrifice to the Lord our God.” (Exodus 3:17-18). “And I said: I will take you up” – Say to them that, as I said to Jacob their ancestor, so I will do. What did He say to him [Jacob]? “I will also take you up” (Genesis 46:4). 25God promised Jacob when he went to Egypt that he would take his descendants out of Egypt. Likewise, Jacob said to his sons: “God will be with you and He will return you…” (Genesis 48:21). Immediately, “they will heed your voice.” Why? It is because they have a tradition of deliverance, that any deliverer who comes and says to them a double expression of remembrance [pakod pakadeti] is a genuine deliverer. Then “you shall go, you and the elders of Israel…” – He showed respect for the elders. “You shall say to him: The Lord, God of the Hebrews, happened upon us.” Why does it call them Hebrews [ivrim]? It is because they crossed [avru] the sea. “And now, please, let us go a journey of three days...” Why did they say three days and did not say, please let us go forever? Why did they say this? It was so the Egyptians would be misled and pursue them when they left, and would say: ‘He delivered them only so they would go three days and sacrifice to Him, and it is they who have delayed for so long.’ And they will pursue them after three days and He will drown them in the sea to punish them with a punishment to fit their crime, as they said: “Every boy that is born you shall cast into the Nile…” (Exodus 1:22).
“And I know that the king of Egypt will not let you go, except by a mighty hand” (Exodus 3:19). “And I know that the king of Egypt will not let you go.” The Holy One blessed be He saw what the wicked Pharaoh is destined to do; [that he will] increase the workload of the people from the moment that he [Moses] goes [to Pharaoh] as His emissary. And so that he [Moses] would not be misled by this thing, the Holy One blessed be He made known to him that Pharaoh is destined to do such and such when you go on My mission so that he would not reproach Heaven. 26In order that Moses would not complain to God that his mission was a failure, as he in fact did in Exodus 5:22-23. Nevertheless, he reproached Heaven, and about him it is stated: “For oppression turns a wise man into a fool” (Ecclesiastes 7:7).
“I will extend My hand, and smite Egypt with all My wonders that I will perform in its midst; after that he will let you go” (Exodus 3:20). “I will extend My hand…” I will do what I spoke of to Abraham: “And also that nation which they will serve, I will judge” (Genesis 15:14), in order to punish them with a punishment to fit their crime. Therefore, I will render them obstinate, and after I complete administering their punishment, “he will let you go.”
“I will give this people favor in the eyes of the Egyptians, and it will be when you go, you will not go empty-handed” (Exodus 3:21). “I will give this people favor” – what I said to Abraham: “And afterward they will emerge with great wealth” (Genesis 15:14). I am destined to grant you favor in the Egyptian’s eyes, so they will lend to them and they will leave well-stocked. This is so that Abraham our patriarch will have no claim, saying: “They will serve them, and they will afflict them” (Genesis 15:13), He [God] fulfilled for them, but “then they will emerge with great wealth” (Genesis 15:14), He did not fulfill for them. “Every woman shall ask of her neighbor, and of she who lives in her house, silver vessels, and gold vessels, and garments; and you shall place them upon your sons, and upon your daughters; and you shall despoil the Egyptians” (Exodus 3:22). “Every woman shall ask of her neighbor…” – this teaches that garments were especially dear to them, as when a person sets out on the road, if he lacks garments, he is embarrassed. “And you shall despoil [venitzaltem] the Egyptians” – they are destined to make Egypt like the depths [metzulot] that have no fish.
“Moses answered and said: But they will not believe me, nor heed my voice; for they will say: The Lord did not appear to you” (Exodus 4:1). “Moses answered and said: But they will not believe me.” At that moment, Moses spoke improperly. The Holy One blessed be He had said to him: “They will heed your voice” (Exodus 3:18), and he said: “But they will not believe me”? Immediately, the Holy One blessed be He responded to him in kind, providing him with signs based on his words. Look what is written afterward: “The Lord said to him: What is that [mazeh] in your hand? He said: A staff” (Exodus 4:2). In other words, from that [mizeh] which you have done, you must be punished, as you have slandered My children; they are believers, the children of believers. Believers, as it is stated: “The people believed” (Exodus 4:31); children of believers, as it is stated: “He [Abraham] believed in the Lord” (Genesis 15:6). “He said: Cast it on the ground. He cast it on the ground, and it became a serpent. Moses fled from before it” (Exodus 4:3). Moses adopted the way of the serpent who slandered his Creator, as it is stated: “For God knows [that on the day you eat of it, your eyes will open, and you shall be as God, knowers of good and evil]” (Genesis 3:5). Just as the serpent was punished, so, too, this one [Moses] is destined to be punished. See what is written: “He said: Cast it on the ground. He cast it on the ground, and it became a serpent.” Because he performed the action of the serpent, He therefore showed him the serpent, meaning, you performed this one’s action. “Moses fled from before it.” A [Roman] gentlewoman said to Rabbi Yosei: ‘My god is greater than your God.’ He said to her: ‘Why?’ She said to him: ‘When your God revealed Himself to Moses at the bush, Moses concealed his face, but when he saw the serpent, which is my god, immediately: “Moses fled from before it.”’ He said to her: ‘May her bones wither.27Presumably Rabbi Yosei did not direct this curse directly at the Roman woman. This sotto voce comment made before he replied to her challenge is his response to her blasphemous contention that Moses feared the snake more than God. When our God revealed Himself at the bush, there was no place to flee. Where could he flee; to the heavens, to the sea, or to dry land? What is stated regarding our God? “Don’t I fill the heavens and the earth – the utterance of the Lord” (Jeremiah 23:24). However, the serpent, that is your god, when a person flees two or three steps from it, he can be saved; therefore, it is written: “Moses fled from before it.”’ Another interpretation: Why did he flee? It is because he sinned with his words, as had he not sinned, he would not have fled, because it is not the serpent that kills, but rather the sin that kills, as it is written in the incident involving Rabbi Ḥanina ben Dosa.28See Berakhot 33a. “The Lord said to Moses: 'Extend your hand, and grasp its tail.’ He extended his hand, and grasped it, and it became a staff in his hand. So that they will believe that the Lord, God of their fathers, God of Abraham, God of Isaac, and God of Jacob, has appeared to you” (Exodus 4:4-5). “The Lord said to Moses: ‘Extend your hand, and grasp its tail.’” We already said how the serpent corresponded to Moses, but what sign was there for Israel in this? Rabbi Eliezer said: That is why the staff was transformed into a serpent, corresponding to Pharaoh, who was called a serpent, as it is stated: “The great serpent” (Ezekiel 29:3), and it says: “Against Leviathan the bar-serpent” (Isaiah 27:1), because he would bite Israel. The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘Have you seen Pharaoh, who is like a serpent? You are destined to strike him with a staff and in the end he will become like wood. Just as a staff does not bite, so, too he will not bite.’ That is what is written: “Extend your hand, and grasp its tail…. So that they will believe that the Lord…has appeared to you.” ‘Go perform this sign for them, so that they will believe that I have appeared to you.’
“The Lord said to him further: Put your hand in your bosom. He put his hand in his bosom and took it out, and behold, his hand was leprous, like snow” (Exodus 4:6). “The Lord said to him further: Put your hand in your bosom.” He said to him: ‘It is just like the serpent who, when he engaged in slander, I afflicted him with leprosy, as it is stated: “Cursed [arur] are you from all the animals” (Genesis 3:14), as you say: “Malignant [mameret] leprosy”’ (Leviticus 13:51). Rabbi Elazar said: Those spots on it [the serpent] are leprous marks; so do you deserve to be afflicted with leprosy. Why did he place it in his bosom? It is because slander is typically told in secret. Likewise it says: “He who slanders his neighbor in secret, I will destroy [atzmit]” (Psalms 101:5). Atzmit [refers to] nothing but leprosy, as it is stated: “In perpetuity [litzmitut]” (Leviticus 25:23), which is translated as completely [laḥalutin]29In Targum Onkelos. and it is taught: “The difference between a quarantined leper and a confirmed leper [muḥlat] is only… (Megilla 8b).”30The midrash cites the mishna to show that the word muḥlat, which is derived from the same root as laḥalutin, is used in the context of leprosy. “He put his hand in his bosom and took it out, and behold, his hand was leprous, like snow.” He received his due because he engaged in slander. Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin said in the name of Rabbi Levi: From here you learn that anyone who suspects another of something which is untrue of him, is afflicted in his body. “He said: Put your hand back in your bosom. He put his hand back in his bosom; and he removed it from his bosom, and behold, it was restored like his flesh” (Exodus 4:7). “He said: Put your hand back in your bosom.” How is there a sign for Israel in this? [It is as if God were saying:] Go and say to them: Just as a leper causes impurity, so do the Egyptians render you impure. And just as he [the leper] is purified, so is the Holy One blessed be He destined to purify Israel, as it is written: “And behold, his hand was leprous, like snow,” and in the healing it is written: “He removed it from his bosom, and behold, it was restored like his flesh.” Our Rabbis say: So as not to cast aspersions on Moses’s flesh [i.e. his bosom]; therefore, his hand was not afflicted with leprosy until he removed it from his bosom. However, regarding the healing, it was healed in his bosom. Alternatively, from here punishments are delayed before being exacted upon the righteous, while the [divine] attribute of goodness takes effect quickly. “And it shall be that if they do not believe even these two signs, and they do not heed your voice, you shall take from the water of the Nile and pour it out on dry land; and the water that you take from the Nile will become blood on the dry land” (Exodus 4:9). “It will be, if they will not believe even these two…” Why did the Holy One blessed be He perform three signs for him? It is corresponding to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. “You shall take from the water of the Nile.” He indicated to him that, by means of something he will say to Israel, the water is destined to be transformed into blood, and he will be punished through it [the water], as it is written: “Hear now, defiant ones” (Numbers 20:10), and he struck the stone and extracted [water], as it is stated: “Behold, He struck the rock, and water flowed out [vayazuvu]” (Psalms 78:20). Vayazuvu is an expression of nothing other than blood, as it is stated: “If a woman will have a flow [yazuv zov] of her blood” (Leviticus 15:25). That is why he struck the stone twice, as initially it produced blood and finally water. In the first two signs, you find that they were restored to their original state, but the sign of the blood was not restored to its original state because He did not wish to forgive Moses for the sin of the water. And how was there a sign for Israel in this? He said to them: ‘With this sign the Egyptians will be afflicted first.’
“Moses said to the Lord: Please my Lord, I am not a man of words, neither yesterday, nor the day before, nor since You spoke to Your servant; for I am slow of speech, and slow of tongue” (Exodus 4:10). “Moses said to the Lord: Please my Lord [Adonai].”31The name of the Lord is spelled alef, dalet, nun, yod. Moses said to the Holy One blessed be He: ‘You are the lord [adon] of the world, and it is me you want to be an emissary? “I am not a man of words…”’ The Sages said: Seven days previously, the Holy One blessed be He was inducing Moses to go on His mission, but he did not want to go until the incident at the bush. That is what is written: “I am not a man of words,” one; “yesterday,” two; “neither [gam],” three; “the day before,” four; “nor [gam],” five; “since,” six; “You spoke,” seven. “The Lord said to him: Who makes a man's mouth, or makes a man mute, or deaf, or sighted, or blind? Is it not I, the Lord? Now, go, and I will be with your mouth, and teach you what you shall speak” (Exodus 4:11-12). Rabbi Pinḥas HaKohen said; Moses said: ‘I am not a man of words, and I do not see [how] words [can be effective] here, because the person to whom I am going [Pharaoh]32Presumably, Pharaoh is regarded as a slave because Ham is the ancestor of Egypt and the descendants of Ham are cursed with slavery. See Genesis 9:25. Alternatively, “the man” refers to the typical Israelite slave. is a slave and he does not accept admonition, as it is stated: “A slave will not be admonished with words” (Proverbs 29:19). <variant reading:="" if="" i="" am="" not="" going="" to="" afflict="" him,="" i="" will="" not="" go,="" immediately:="" “the="" lord="" said="" [to="" him:="" who="" makes="" a="" man's="" mouth,="" or="" makes="" a="" man="" mute,="" or="" deaf,="" or="" sighted,="" or="" blind?="" is="" it="" not="" i,="" the="" lord?]”="">. If I am going to afflict him I will go immediately.’
“The Lord said to him: Who makes a man’s mouth?” He [God] said to him: ‘If you are not a man of words do not be concerned; haven’t I created all the mouths in the world, and I rendered mute whomever I wished, and [likewise determined who is] deaf and blind, and sighted and hearing? Had I wished for you to be a man of words, so would you be. Rather, I wish to perform a miracle with you. When you speak, your words will be exact,33Alternative translation: correct, fitting. as I will be with your mouth.’ That is what is written: “And I will be with your mouth.” What is “and teach you [vehoreitikha]”? Rabbi Abbahu said: I will shoot [moreh] My words into your mouth like an arrow, as it states: “Or will be shot [yaro yiyareh]” (Exodus 19:13). Rabbi Simon says: I will create you into a new being, as it is stated: “The woman conceived [vatahar] [and bore a son]” (Exodus 2:2).
“He said: Please Lord, send by means of whom You send” (Exodus 4:13). “He said: Please [bi] Lord [Adonai],34The name of the Lord is spelled alef, dalet, nun, yod. send by means of whom You send.” Rabbi Ḥiyya the Great said: He said before Him: ‘Master of the universe, with me [bi], You seek to deliver the children of Abraham, who established You as the lord [adon] over all Your creations? “Send, please, by means of whom You send.”’35Send whomever You usually send for such tasks. He said before Him: ‘Who is dearer to a person, his nephew or his grandson? You must say, it is his grandson. When you sought to rescue Lot, Abraham’s nephew, You sent angels to rescue him. Abraham’s descendants, who are six hundred thousand, you are sending me to rescue them? Send the angels whom You are accustomed to send. Another matter: ‘For Hagar the Egyptian, You sent five angels to her; to six hundred thousand descendants of Sarah, it is me You are sending to rescue them?’ The Rabbis say: Did you suppose that Moses was refusing to go? That is not the case. Rather, it was in deference to Aaron, as Moses was saying: ‘Before I arose, Aaron my brother has been prophesying for them in Egypt for eighty years.’ That is what is written: “I made Myself known to them in the land of Egypt” (Ezekiel 20:5). From where [can it be known] that Aaron was prophesying? For it says like this: “A man of God came to Eli, and said to him: So said the Lord: Didn’t I reveal Myself to the house of your father when they were in Egypt, subject to Pharaoh's house? Did I not choose him from all the tribes of Israel to be My priest?”36Implying that Aaron was chosen already in Egypt. (I Samuel 2:27–28). Moses said: ‘Will I now encroach upon my brother and upset him?’ For that reason he did not wish to go. Immediately, “the wrath of the Lord was enflamed against Moses” (Exodus 4:14).
“The wrath of the Lord was enflamed against Moses, and He said: Surely Aaron your brother the Levite, I know that he can speak. And behold, he is coming out to meet you, and he will see you, and be glad in his heart” (Exodus 4:14). What enflamed wrath was there? [At that moment,] the priesthood was taken from Moses and given to Aaron. Our Rabbis of blessed memory say: “Surely Aaron your brother the Levite” – from the fact that He said “your brother,” don’t I know that he is a Levite? Rather, He said to him: ‘You were fit to be a priest, and he, a Levite. Because you refuse to fulfill My words, you will be a Levite, and he, a priest.’ “I know that he can speak.” Because you said: “I am not a man of words,” therefore, he will speak. And that which you thought that he would be upset, that is not so; rather, he will be glad, as it is stated: “He will see you, and be glad in his heart.” Rabbi Shimon ben Rabbi Yosei said: The heart that was glad over the greatness of his brother will don the Urim ve’Tumim,37Part of the priestly vestments used as an oracle. as it is stated: “They shall be upon Aaron’s heart” (Exodus 28:30). “You shall speak to him and place the words in his mouth, and I will be with your mouth and with his mouth, and I will instruct you what you shall do. He shall speak for you to the people and he shall be a mouth for you, and you shall be in God’s stead for him” (Exodus 4:15–16). When you fear to speak all these matters, “I will be with your mouth.” “He shall speak for you to the people and he shall be a mouth for you” – a spokesperson. “And you shall be in God’s stead for him.” Even though he is your older brother, fear of you will be upon him. From here they said: Fear of your teacher is like the fear of Heaven. He [God] said to him: ‘Just as fear of Me is upon you, so, too, fear of you is upon him.’ “You shall take in your hand this staff, with which you shall perform the signs” (Exodus 4:17). “You shall take in your hand this staff.” You said: “I am not a man of words” (Exodus 4:10). “A slave will not be admonished with words” (Proverbs 29:19). What does one do to a slave? One afflicts him with a staff. So should you take the staff with which to afflict him; that is what is written: “You shall take in your hand this staff, with which you will perform the signs.”
וַיֹּאמֶר אָנֹכִי אֱלֹהֵי אָבִיךָ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (משלי יד, טו): פֶּתִי יַאֲמִין לְכָל דָבָר [וגו'], מַהוּ פֶּתִי, נַעַר, שֶׁכֵּן בַּעֲרַבְיָא קוֹרִין לְנַעַר פְּתַיָא. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אֵין פֶּתִי אֶלָּא לָשׁוֹן פִּתּוּי, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (שמות כב, טו): וְכִי יְפַתֶּה אִישׁ. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ הַכֹּהֵן בַּר נְחֶמְיָה בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁנִּגְלָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עַל משֶׁה טִירוֹן הָיָה משֶׁה לַנְּבוּאָה, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אִם נִגְלָה אֲנִי עָלָיו בְּקוֹל גָּדוֹל אֲנִי מְבַעֲתוֹ, בְּקוֹל נָמוּךְ בּוֹסֵר הוּא עַל הַנְּבוּאָה, מֶה עָשָׂה נִגְלָה עָלָיו בְּקוֹלוֹ שֶׁל אָבִיו, אָמַר משֶׁה הִנֵּנִי, מָה אַבָּא מְבַקֵּשׁ, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֵינִי אָבִיךָ אֶלָּא אֱלֹהֵי אָבִיךָ, בְּפִתּוּי בָּאתִי אֵלֶיךָ כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹא תִּתְיָרֵא, אֱלֹהֵי אַבְרָהָם אֱלֹהֵי יִצְחָק וֵאלֹהֵי יַעֲקֹב. שָׂמַח משֶׁה וְאָמַר הָא אַבָּא נִמְנֶה עִם הָאָבוֹת, וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁהוּא גָדוֹל, שֶׁנִּזְכַּר תְּחִלָּה. וַיַּסְתֵּר משֶׁה פָּנָיו, אָמַר אֱלֹהֵי אָבִי עוֹמֵד כָּאן וְאֵינִי מַסְתִּיר פָּנָי. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן קָרְחָה וְרַבִּי הוֹשְׁעְיָא, אֶחָד מֵהֶן אוֹמֵר לֹא יָפֶה עָשָׂה משֶׁה כְּשֶׁהִסְתִּיר פָּנָיו, שֶׁאִלּוּלֵי לֹא הִסְתִּיר פָּנָיו גִּלָּה לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה מַה לְּמַעְלָה וּמַה לְּמַטָּה וּמַה שֶּׁהָיָה וּמַה שֶּׁעָתִיד לִהְיוֹת. וּבַסּוֹף בִּקֵּשׁ לִרְאוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לג, יח): הַרְאֵנִי נָא אֶת כְּבֹדֶךָ. אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה אֲנִי בָּאתִי לְהַרְאוֹת לְךָ וְהִסְתַּרְתָּ פָנֶיךָ, עַכְשָׁו אֲנִי אוֹמֵר לְךָ (שמות לג, כ): כִּי לֹא יִרְאַנִי הָאָדָם וָחָי, כְּשֶׁבִּקַּשְׁתִּי לֹא בִקַּשְׁתָּ, וְאָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסִכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אַף עַל פִּי כֵן הֶרְאָה לוֹ, בִּשְׂכַר וַיַּסְתֵּר משֶׁה פָּנָיו (שמות לג, יא): וְדִבֶּר ה' אֶל משֶׁה פָּנִים אֶל פָּנִים, וּבִשְׂכַר כִּי יָרֵא (שמות לד, ל): וַיִּירְאוּ מִגֶּשֶׁת אֵלָיו. וּבִשְׂכַר מֵהַבִּיט (במדבר יב, ח): וּתְמֻנַּת ה' יַבִּיט. וְרַבִּי הוֹשְׁעְיָא רַבָּה אָמַר יָפֶה עָשָׂה שֶׁהִסְתִּיר פָּנָיו, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֲנִי בָּאתִי לְהַרְאוֹת לְךָ פָּנִים, וְחָלַקְתָּ לִי כָבוֹד וְהִסְתַּרְתָּ פָנֶיךָ, חַיֶּיךָ שֶׁאַתָּה עָתִיד לִהְיוֹת אֶצְלִי בָּהָר אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם וְאַרְבָּעִים לָיְלָה, לֹא לֶאֱכֹל וְלֹא לִשְׁתּוֹת, וְאַתָּה עָתִיד לֵהָנוֹת מִזִּיו הַשְּׁכִינָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לד, כט): וּמשֶׁה לֹא יָדַע כִּי קָרַן עוֹר פָּנָיו. אֲבָל נָדָב וַאֲבִיהוּא פָּרְעוּ רָאשֵׁיהֶן וְזָנוּ עֵינֵיהֶן מִזִּיו הַשְּׁכִינָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כד, יא): וְאֶל אֲצִילֵי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא שָׁלַח יָדוֹ, וְהֵם לֹא קִבְּלוּ עַל מַה שֶּׁעָשׂוּ.
“He said: I am the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. Moses hid his face, for he was afraid of looking at God” (Exodus 3:6).
“He said: I am the God of your father” – that is what is written: “A fool [peti] believes everything” (Proverbs 14:15). What is a peti? It is a lad, as in Arabia they call a lad petaya. Alternatively, peti is nothing but an expression of seduction, as it is stated: “If a man seduces [yefateh] a woman” (Exodus 22:15).
Rabbi Yehoshua Ha-Kohen bar Neḥemya said: At the moment that The Holy One blessed be He appeared to Moses, Moses was a novice at prophecy. The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘If I appear to him in loud voice, I will terrify him; in soft voice, he will take prophecy lightly.’ What did He do? He appeared to him with the voice of his father. Moses said: ‘Here I am; what does Abba1The Aramaic term by which Jews to this day refer to their fathers. want?’ The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘I am not your father [Amram], but rather the God of your father. I have come to you with inducements so you will not be afraid.’ “The God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob” – Moses was joyful and said: ‘Abba is enumerated with the patriarchs. Moreover, he is greater, as he was mentioned first.’2In the verse, God introduces himself as “the God of your father,” and then as “the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.”
“Moses hid his face” – he said: ‘The God of my father is standing here and I am not hiding my face?’ Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa and Rabbi Hoshaya, one of them says: Moses did not act properly when he hid his face, as had he not hidden his face, The Holy One blessed be He would have revealed to him what is above, what is below, what was, and what is destined to be. Ultimately, he requested to see, as it is stated: “Please show me Your glory” (Exodus 33:18). The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘I came to appear to you, and you hid your face. Now I say to you: “For man will not see Me and live” (Exodus 33:20); when I wanted, you did not want.’
Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin said in the name of Rabbi Levi: Nevertheless, He showed him.3Even though according to the previous opinion, hiding his face was inappropriate, God showed him the three mysteries mentioned above. As reward for “Moses hid his face” – “the Lord spoke to Moses face to face” (Exodus 33:11); as reward for “For he was afraid,” – “they were afraid to approach him (Exodus 34:30); as reward for “of looking [mehabit]” – “and the likeness of the Lord he beholds [yabit]” (Numbers 12:8).
Rabbi Hoshaya the Great said: He acted properly when he hid his face. The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘I came to reveal My face to you, and you honored Me and hid your face; by your life, you are destined to be with Me on the mountain for forty days and forty nights, without eating and without drinking, and you are destined to enjoy the aura of the Divine Presence, as it is stated: “Moses did not know that the skin of his face glowed” (Exodus 34:29). However, Nadav and Avihu uncovered their heads and feasted their eyes on the aura of the Divine Presence, as it is stated: “Against the nobles of the children of Israel He did not extend His hand” (Exodus 24:11), and they did not receive punishment for what they did.
וַיֹּאמֶר ה' רָאֹה רָאִיתִי אֶת עֳנִי עַמִי, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (איוב יא, יא): כִּי הוּא יָדַע מְתֵי שָׁוְא, יָדַע הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הָעָם הַמֵּתִים עַל הַשָּׁוְא לַעֲשׂוֹתוֹ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, יָדַע הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הָעָם הָעֲתִידִים לַעֲשׂוֹת שָׁוְא וְנֶהֱרָגִים, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (ישעיה ג, כה): מְתַיִךְ בַּחֶרֶב יִפֹּלוּ. אֶלָּא (איוב יא, יא): וַיַּרְא אָוֶן וְלֹא יִתְבּוֹנָן, כֵּיצַד, אַתָּה מוֹצֵא בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁיָּצְאָה הָגָר מִבֵּיתוֹ שֶׁל אַבְרָהָם הִיא וּבְנָהּ, מַה כְּתִיב (בראשית כא, טו טז): וַיִּכְלוּ הַמַּיִם מִן הַחֵמֶת וַתֵּלֶךְ וַתֵּשֶׁב לָהּ מִנֶּגֶד, אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה הִתְחִילָה מַטַּחַת דְּבָרִים כְּלַפֵּי מַעְלָה, אָמְרָה רִבּוֹן הָעוֹלָמִים אֶתְמוֹל אָמַרְתָּ לִי (בראשית טז, י): הַרְבָּה אַרְבֶּה אֶת זַרְעֵךְ, וְהַיּוֹם הוּא מֵת. מִיָּד (בראשית כא, יז): וַיִּקְרָא מַלְאַךְ אֱלֹהִים אֶל הָגָר. אָמַר רַבִּי סִימוֹן בִּקְשׁוּ מַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת לְקַטְרְגוֹ, אָמְרוּ לְפָנָיו רִבּוֹן הָעוֹלָמִים אָדָם שֶׁעָתִיד לְהָמִית בָּנֶיךָ בַּצָּמָא אַתָּה מַעֲלֶה לוֹ אֶת הַבְּאֵר, נָאֶה לְהַעֲלוֹת לְשִׁשִּׁים רִבּוֹא שֶׁהֵן עֲתִידִין לוֹמַר לְפָנֶיךָ (שמות טו, ב): זֶה אֵלִי וְאַנְוֵהוּ. אָמַר לָהֶם עַכְשָׁו צַדִּיק הוּא אוֹ רָשָׁע, אָמְרוּ לְפָנָיו, צַדִּיק הוּא. אָמַר לָהֶם אֵינִי דָן אֶת הָאָדָם אֶלָּא בִּשְׁעָתוֹ, לְכָךְ כְּתִיב (איוב יא, יא): וַיַּרְא אָוֶן וְלֹא יִתְבּוֹנָן. וְכֵן כְּשֶׁהָיוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּמִצְרַיִם רָאָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מַה שֶּׁעֲתִידִין לַעֲשׂוֹת, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: וַיֹּאמֶר ה' רָאֹה רָאִיתִי. רָאִיתִי לֹא נֶאֱמַר, אֶלָּא רָאֹה רָאִיתִי, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, משֶׁה, אַתָּה רוֹאֶה רְאִיָּה אַחַת, וַאֲנִי רוֹאֶה שְׁתֵּי רְאִיּוֹת, אַתָּה רוֹאֶה אוֹתָן בָּאִין לְסִינַי וּמְקַבְּלִין תּוֹרָתִי, וַאֲנִי רוֹאֶה אוֹתָן מְקַבְּלִין תּוֹרָתִי, זֶהוּ רָאֹה, רָאִיתִי, זוֹ רְאִיַּת מַעֲשֵׂה הָעֵגֶל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לב, ט): רָאִיתִי אֶת הָעָם הַזֶּה, כְּשֶׁאָבֹא לְסִינַי לִתֵּן לָהֶם אֶת הַתּוֹרָה אֲנִי יוֹרֵד בְּטַטְרָאמוֹלִי שֶׁלִּי שֶׁהֵן מִתְבּוֹנְנִים בִּי וְשׁוֹמְטִים אֶחָד מֵהֶן וּמַכְעִיסִים אוֹתִי בּוֹ, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן אֵינִי דָּנָם לְפִי הַמַּעֲשִׂים הָעֲתִידִין לַעֲשׂוֹת אֶלָּא לְפִי הָעִנְיָן דְּהַשְׁתָּא, כִּי שָׁמַעְתִּי אֶת צַעֲקָתָם, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיָּדַעְתִּי מַכְאוֹבָיו שֶׁעֲתִידִים לַעֲשׂוֹת, הֱוֵי: רָאֹה רָאִיתִי, מַהוּ כִּי יָדַעְתִּי אֶת מַכְאוֹבָיו, יוֹדֵעַ אֲנִי כַּמָּה עֲתִידִים לְהַכְאִיבֵנִי בַּמִּדְבָּר, כְּמָה דְּתֵימָא (תהלים עח, מ): כַּמָּה יַמְרוּהוּ בַמִּדְבָּר יַעֲצִיבוּהוּ בִּישִׁימוֹן, וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן אֵינִי נִמְנַע מִלְגָאֳלָם. אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה שָׁפַט עָתְנִיאֵל בֶּן קְנַז לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, אָמַר לְפָנָיו רִבּוֹן הָעוֹלָם כָּךְ הִבְטַחְתָּ אֶת משֶׁה בֵּין עוֹשִׂין רְצוֹנְךָ בֵּין לֹא עוֹשִׂין רְצוֹנְךָ אַתָּה גוֹאֲלָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שופטים ג, י): וַתְּהִי עָלָיו רוּחַ ה' וַיִּשְׁפֹּט אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, לְכָךְ כְּתִיב: כִּי יָדַעְתִּי אֶת מַכְאוֹבָיו, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן אֲנִי גוֹאֲלָם.
“The Lord said: I have seen My people’s affliction that is in Egypt, and I have heard their outcry because of their taskmasters, as I know their pain” (Exodus 3:7).
“The Lord said: I have seen My people’s affliction” – that is what is written: “For He knows vain men [metei shav]” (Job 11:11); The Holy One blessed be He knows the people who die [metim] to perform vanity. Alternatively, The Holy One blessed be He knows the people who are destined to perform vanity and be killed, as it is stated: “Your men [metayikh] will fall by the sword” (Isaiah 3:25).
In contrast, “He sees iniquity but does not consider it” (Job 11:11). How so? You find that at the moment that Hagar left Abraham’s house, she and her son, what is written? “The water in the skin finished…she went and sat down at a distance” (Genesis 21:15–16). Rabbi Berekhya said: She began reproaching Heaven; she said: ‘Master of the universe, yesterday You said to me: “I will multiply your descendants,” and today he is dying.’ Immediately, “the angel of God called to Hagar” (Genesis 21:17). Rabbi Simon said: The ministering angels sought to denounce him [Ishmael]. They said before Him: ‘Master of the universe, a person who is destined to cause your children to die of thirst,4The reference is unclear. Possibly it refers to the story in Lamentations Rabba 2:4 in which the Ishmaelites caused refugees from Nebuchadnezzar to die of thirst. are You bringing up a well for him? It is proper to bring it up for six hundred thousand who are destined to recite before You: “This is my God and I will glorify Him”’ (Exodus 15:2). He said to them: ‘Now, is he righteous or wicked’? They said before Him: ‘He is righteous.’ He said to them: ‘I only judge a person at his time.’5Although God perceives future sins, He judges only those actions already performed. Therefore it is written: “He sees iniquity but does not consider it.”
Likewise, when Israel was in Egypt, The Holy One blessed be He saw what they were destined to do; that is what is written: “The Lord said: I have seen [ra’o ra’iti].” It does not say ra’iti, but rather, ra’o ra’iti.6That is, the verb is doubled, combining the absolute infinitive ra’o with the first person past ra’iti, meaning ‘I have seen.’ This formulation is common in Biblical Hebrew and is often understood to indicate emphasis. Nevertheless, the midrash takes the opportunity to expound the double verb. The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘You see one sight but I see two sights. You see them arriving at Sinai and receiving My Torah, and I see them receiving My Torah, that is ra’o; [but I also see] ra’iti, that is the sight of the deed of the calf, as it is stated; “I have seen [ra’iti] this people” (Exodus 32:9). When I come to Sinai to give them the Torah, I descend in my tatramoli,7A quadriga, a chariot drawn by four animals abreast. The allusion is to the divine chariot depicted in Ezekiel 1. and they look at me and remove one of them8One of the creatures depicted in the divine chariot in Ezekiel is a bull. and anger me with it. Nevertheless, I am not judging them on the basis of the actions that they are destined to do but rather according to the situation now. For I have heard their cry, even though I know their pain that they are destined to cause.’ That is ra’o ra’iti.
What is: “As I know their pain?” I know how much they are destined to pain Me in the wilderness,9The midrash is interpreting makhovav, “its pain,” to refer to pain inflicted by Israel, rather than pain they experienced. as it is stated: “How often did they defy Him in the wilderness, and aggrieve Him in the wasteland” (Psalms 78:40). Nevertheless, I will not refrain from delivering them. Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said: Otniel ben Kenaz argued this matter before the Holy One blessed be He. He said: ‘Master of the universe, this is what you promised to Moses, whether they do Your will or they do not do Your will, you deliver them, as it is stated: “The spirit of the Lord was upon him, and he judged Israel”’10This is a reference to Otniel ben Kenaz. (Judges 3:10). Therefore, it is written: “As I know their pain.” Nevertheless, I will deliver them.
וָאֵרֵד לְהַצִּילוֹ מִיַּד מִצְרַיִם וגו', אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה, אֲנִי אָמַרְתִּי לְיַעֲקֹב אֲבִיהֶם (בראשית מו, ד): אָנֹכִי אֵרֵד עִמְּךָ מִצְרַיְמָה וְאָנֹכִי אַעַלְךָ וגו', וְעַתָּה יָרַדְתִּי לְכָאן לְהַעֲלוֹת בָּנָיו כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַרְתִּי לְיַעֲקֹב אֲבִיהֶן, וּלְהֵיכָן אֲנִי מַעֲלָן, אֶל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר הוֹצֵאתִים מִשָּׁם, אֶל הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּעְתִּי לַאֲבוֹתָם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: וּלְהַעֲלֹתוֹ מִן הָאָרֶץ הַהִיא. וְעַתָּה הִנֵּה צַעֲקַת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בָּאָה אֵלָי, עַד עַתָּה לֹא בָא צַעֲקָתָם לְפָנָי, שֶׁלֹא הִגִּיעַ הַקֵּץ שֶׁאָמַרְתִּי לְאַבְרָהָם (בראשית טו, יג): וַעֲבָדוּם וְעִנּוּ אֹתָם אַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה. וְעַתָּה לְכָה וְאֶשְׁלָחֲךָ אֶל פַּרְעֹה, אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר, לְכָה וַדָּאִית [הה"א שבסוף התבה], לוֹמַר אִם אֵין אַתָּה גּוֹאֲלָם אֵין אַחֵר גּוֹאֲלָם:
“I have come down to deliver them from the hand of Egypt and to take them up from that land to a good and expansive land, to a land flowing with milk and honey, to the place of the Canaanites and the Hittites and the Emorites and the Perizzites and the Hivvites and the Yevusites” (Exodus 3:8).
“I have come down to deliver them from the hand of Egypt…” – the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘I told their patriarch Jacob: “I will go down with you into Egypt and I will take you up…” (Genesis 46:4). Now I have come down here to take his descendants up, as I said to Jacob their patriarch. To where will I take them up? To the place from which I took them, to the land about which I took an oath to their ancestors.’ That is what is written: “And to take them up from that land…”
“And now, behold, the outcry of the children of Israel has come to Me and I have also seen the oppression that the Egyptians are oppressing them” (Exodus 3:9).
“And now, behold, the outcry of the children of Israel has come to Me,” – until now, their outcry has not come to Me, as the end that I said to Abraham had not yet arrived: “And [they] will serve them, and they will afflict them four hundred years” (Genesis 15:13).
“Go now, and I will send you to Pharaoh, and take My people the children of Israel out of Egypt” (Exodus 3:10).
“Go [lekha] now, and I will send you to Pharaoh” – Rabbi Elazar said: Lekha [ending with the letter heh] is emphatic, saying that if you do not deliver them there is no one else to deliver them.11The midrash is reading lekha, go, as a conjunction of lekh ata, go you.
וַיֹּאמֶר משֶׁה אֶל הָאֱלֹהִים מִי אָנֹכִי, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי, מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהִשִֹּׂיא אֶת בִּתּוֹ, וּפָסַק לִתֵּן לָהּ מְדִינָה וְשִׁפְחָה אַחַת מַטְרוֹנִית, וְנָתַן לָהּ שִׁפְחָה כּוּשִׁית, אָמַר לוֹ חֲתָנוֹ לֹא שִׁפְחָה מַטְרוֹנִית פָּסַקְתָּ לִתֵּן לִי, כָּךְ אָמַר משֶׁה לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא רִבּוֹן הָעוֹלָמִים, כְּשֶׁיָּרַד יַעֲקֹב לְמִצְרַיִם לֹא כָּךְ אָמַרְתָּ לוֹ: (בראשית מו, ד): אָנֹכִי אֵרֵד עִמְּךָ מִצְרַיְמָה וְאָנֹכִי אַעַלְךָ גַּם עָלֹה, וְעַכְשָׁיו אַתָּה אוֹמֵר לִי: לְכָה וְאֶשְׁלָחֲךָ אֶל פַּרְעֹה, לֹא אָנֹכִי הוּא שֶׁאָמַרְתָּ לוֹ: וְאָנֹכִי אַעַלְךָ גַּם עָלֹה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מִי אָנֹכִי, רַבִּי נְהוֹרַאי אוֹמֵר, אָמַר משֶׁה לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, אַתָּה אוֹמֵר לִי: לֵךְ וְהוֹצֵא אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, הֵיכָן אֲנִי מַשְׁכִּים בַּקַּיִץ מִפְּנֵי הַחַמָּה וּבַחֹרֶף מִפְּנֵי הַצִּנָּה, מִנַּיִן לִי לְסַפֵּק בְּמַאֲכָל וּבְמִשְׁתֶּה, כַּמָּה חַיּוֹת יֵשׁ בָּהֶן, כַּמָּה מְעֻבָּרוֹת יֵשׁ בָּהֶן, כַּמָּה תִּינוֹקוֹת יֵשׁ בָּהֶן, כַּמָּה מִינֵי מְזוֹנוֹת הִתְקַנְתָּ לָהֶם לְהַחַיּוֹת שֶׁבָּהֶן, כַּמָּה מִינֵי רִכּוּכִין הִתְקַנְתָּ לַמְעֻבָּרוֹת, כַּמָּה קְלָיוֹת וֶאֱגוֹזִים הִתְקַנְתָּ לַתִּינוֹקוֹת, וְהֵיכָן פֵּרוּשׁוֹ שֶׁל דָּבָר זֶה, בְּשִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שיר השירים א, ז): הַגִּידָה לִי שֶׁאָהֲבָה נַפְשִׁי. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, מִן חֲרָרָה שֶׁהִיא יוֹצֵאת עִמָּהֶן מִמִּצְרַיִם, מַסְפִּיק לָהֶם שְׁלשִׁים יוֹם, אַתָּה יוֹדֵעַ אֵיךְ אֲנִי עָתִיד לְהַנְהִיגָם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מִי אָנֹכִי, אָמַר לְפָנָיו רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם הֵיאַךְ אֲנִי יָכוֹל לִכָּנֵס לִמְקוֹם לִסְטִים וְלִמְקוֹם הוֹרְגֵי נְפָשׁוֹת, הֱוֵי: מִי אָנֹכִי כִּי אֵלֵךְ אֶל פַּרְעֹה וגו', וְכִי אוֹצִיא אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, מַה זְּכוּת יֵשׁ בְּיָדָם שֶׁאוּכַל לְהוֹצִיאָם, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: כִּי אֶהְיֶה עִמָּךְ, אֵין אוֹמֵר אֶהְיֶה עִמָּךְ אֶלָּא לְמִי שֶׁהוּא מִתְיָרֵא. וְזֶה לְךָ הָאוֹת כִּי אָנֹכִי שְׁלַחְתִּיךָ, וּבַדָּבָר הַזֶּה תִּהְיֶה נִכָּר שֶׁאַתָּה שְׁלוּחִי, לְפִי שֶׁאֶהְיֶה עִמְּךָ וְכָל מַה שֶּׁתִּרְצֶה אֶעֱשֶׂה אָנִי. בְּהוֹצִיאֲךָ אֶת הָעָם מִמִּצְרַיִם תַּעַבְדוּן אֶת הָאֱלֹהִים עַל הָהָר הַזֶּה, מַה שֶּׁאָמַרְתָּ בְּאֵיזֶה זְכוּת אוֹצִיאֵם מִמִצְרַיִם, הֱוֵי יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁבִּזְכוּת הַתּוֹרָה שֶׁהֵן עֲתִידִים לְקַבֵּל עַל יָדְךָ בָּהָר הַזֶּה הֵם יוֹצְאִים מִשָּׁם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, הָאֱלֹהִים, מַהוּ שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ: כִּי אָנֹכִי שְׁלַחְתִּיךָ, אָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה, סִימָן לַגְּאֻלָּה הָרִאשׁוֹנָה שֶׁבְּאָנֹכִי יָרְדוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְמִצְרַיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית מו, ד): אָנֹכִי אֵרֵד עִמְּךָ מִצְרַיְמָה, וּבְאָנֹכִי אֲנִי מַעֲלֶה אֶתְכֶם. וְסִימָן לַגְּאֻלָּה הָאַחֲרוֹנָה שֶׁבְּאָנֹכִי הֵם מִתְרַפְּאִין, וְהֵן עֲתִידִים לְהִגָּאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלאכי ג, כג): הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי שֹׁלֵחַ לָכֶם אֶת אֵלִיָּה הַנָּבִיא.
“Moses said to God: 'Who am I, that I should go to Pharaoh, and that I should take the children of Israel out of Egypt?’” (Exodus 3:11)
“Moses said to God: Who am I [anokhi]?” Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: This is analogous to a king who married off his daughter and committed to give her one province and gentlewoman as a maidservant, and he gave her a Kushite maidservant. His son-in-law said: ‘Didn’t you commit to give me a gentlewoman as a maidservant?’ So, Moses said before the Holy One blessed be He: ‘Master of the universe, when Jacob descended to Egypt, didn’t you say this to them: “I [Anokhi] will descend with you into Egypt and I [Anokhi] will take you up” (Genesis 46:4), and now you say to me: “Go now, and I will send you to Pharaoh”? It is not I [anokhi] about whom you said: “And I [Anokhi] will take you up.”’12Moses is, as it were, pointing out to God that He promised to take Israel out of Egypt Himself, and not by means of an agent.
Another interpretation: Rabbi Nehorai says: Moses said before the Holy One blessed be He: ‘You say to me: Go and take Israel out. Where do I shelter13Following Rabbi David Luria’s emendation mashkinam rather that mashkim. them in the summer due to the sun, and in the winter due to the cold? From where do I provide food and drink? How many birth mothers are among them, how many pregnant women, how many children are among them, how many types of foods have you provided them to sustain them, how many delicacies have you prepared for the pregnant women, how much toasted grain and how many nuts have you provided for the children?’ Where is this matter explicated? It is in Song of Songs, as it is stated: “Tell me, whom my soul loves…” (Song of Songs 1:7). The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘The bread that came out with them from Egypt will suffice them for thirty days; you know how I am destined to lead them.’
Another interpretation: “Who am I?” – He [Moses] said before Him: ‘Master of the universe, how am I able to enter a place of robbers and a place of murderers? That is: “Who am I, that I should go to Pharaoh…” “And that I should take the children of Israel out” – what merit do they possess that will enable me to take them out?’ The Holy One blessed be He said to him: “Because I will be with you” (Exodus 3:12). One says “I will be with you” only to someone who is afraid.
“He said: Because I will be with you, and this is your sign that it is I who sent you: When you take the people out of Egypt, you will serve God upon this mountain” (Exodus 3:12).
“And this is your sign that I sent you” – and in this manner it will be apparent that you are My emissary, because I will be with you and anything you wish I will perform.
“When you take the people out of Egypt, you will serve God upon this mountain.” That which you said: ‘With what merit will I take them out of Egypt?’ Know that due to the merit of the Torah that they are destined to receive through you on this mountain they will emerge from there.
Another matter: “[you will serve] God” – what is it that He said to him: “That I [anokhi] sent you”?14Why does the verse change from first person to third person? “This is your sign that it is I who sent you…you will serve God.” Our Rabbis of blessed memory said: A sign of the first deliverance is that Israel went down to Egypt with anokhi, as it is stated: “I [anokhi] will go down with you to Egypt” (Genesis 46:4), and with anokhi I will take you up. A sign of the ultimate redemption is that with anokhi they will be cured and are destined to be delivered, as it is stated: “Behold I [anokhi] will send you Elijah the prophet” (Malachi 3:23).
וַיֹּאמֶר משֶׁה אֶל הָאֱלֹהִים הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי בָּא, אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן לוּדְיָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי סִימוֹן בְּשֵׁם רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ, אָמַר משֶׁה עָתִיד אֲנִי לְהֵעָשׂוֹת סַרְסוּר בֵּינְךָ וּבֵינֵיהֶם כְּשֶׁתִּתֵּן לָהֶם אֶת הַתּוֹרָה, וְתֹאמַר לָהֶם (שמות כ, ב): אָנֹכִי ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ. אֱלֹהֵי אֲבוֹתֵיכֶם שְׁלָחַנִי אֲלֵיכֶם, אוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה נִתְבָּרֵר משֶׁה עַל עֲסָקָיו, שֶׁנִּתְיָרֵא אִם יִשְׁאֲלוּ לוֹ מַה שְּׁמוֹ מַה יֹּאמַר לָהֶם, בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה הָיָה מְבַקֵּשׁ משֶׁה שֶׁיּוֹדִיעֶנּוּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֶת הַשֵּׁם הַגָּדוֹל:
“Moses said to God: Behold, when I come to the children of Israel, and say to them: The God of your fathers has sent me to you; and they say to me: What is His name? What shall I say to them?” (Exodus 3:13).
“Moses said to God: Behold, when I come…” – Rabbi Shimon of Lod said in the name of Rabbi Simon in the name of Reish Lakish: Moses said: I am destined to become an intermediary between You and them when You give them the Torah and say to them: “I am the Lord your God” (Exodus 20:2).
“The God of your fathers has sent me to you” – at that moment, Moses was clarifying his undertaking, as he feared if they asked him “what is His name” what would he say to them? At that moment, Moses requested that the Holy One blessed be He make known to him His great name.
וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים אֶל משֶׁה, אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר מַמָּל, אָמַר לֵיהּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה, שְׁמִי אַתָּה מְבַקֵּשׁ לֵידַע, לְפִי מַעֲשַׂי אֲנִי נִקְרָא, פְּעָמִים שֶׁאֲנִי נִקְרָא בְּאֵל שַׁדַּי, בִּצְבָאוֹת, בֵּאלֹהִים, בַּה': כְּשֶׁאֲנִי דָּן אֶת הַבְּרִיּוֹת, אֲנִי נִקְרָא: אֱלֹהִים, וּכְשֶׁאֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה מִלְחָמָה בָּרְשָׁעִים, אֲנִי נִקְרָא: צְבָאוֹת, וּכְשֶׁאֲנִי תּוֹלֶה עַל חַטָּאָיו שֶׁל אָדָם, אֲנִי נִקְרָא: אֵל שַׁדַּי, וּכְשֶׁאֲנִי מְרַחֵם עַל עוֹלָמִי, אֲנִי נִקְרָא ה', שֶׁאֵין ה' אֶלָּא מִדַּת רַחֲמִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לד, ו): ה' ה' אֵל רַחוּם וְחַנּוּן, הֱוֵי: אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה, אֲנִי נִקְרָא לְפִי מַעֲשָׂי. רַבִּי יִצְחָק אוֹמֵר אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה, אֱמֹר לָהֶם אֲנִי שֶׁהָיִיתִי וַאֲנִי הוּא עַכְשָׁו וַאֲנִי הוּא לֶעָתִיד לָבֹא, לְכָךְ כְּתִיב אֶהְיֶה שָׁלשׁ פְּעָמִים. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה, רַבִּי יַעֲקֹב בֶּן רַבִּי אֲבִינָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי הוּנָא דְּצִיפּוֹרִין אָמַר, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה אֱמֹר לָהֶם בְּשִׁעְבּוּד זֶה אֶהְיֶה עִמָּם, וּבְשִׁעְבּוּד הֵן הוֹלְכִין וְאֶהְיֶה עִמָּם, אָמַר לְפָנָיו וְכָךְ אוֹמֵר אֲנִי לָהֶם דַּיָּה לַצָּרָה בְּשַׁעְתָּהּ, אָמַר לוֹ לָאו, כֹּה תֹאמַר לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶהְיֶה שְׁלָחַנִי אֲלֵיכֶם, לְךָ אֲנִי מוֹדִיעַ, לָהֶם אֵינִי מוֹדִיעַ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אֶהְיֶה, רַבִּי יִצְחָק בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַמֵּי אָמַר בְּטִיט וּבִלְבֵנִים הֵן עוֹמְדִים, וּלְטִיט וּלְבֵנִים הֵן הוֹלְכִים, וְכֵן בְּדָנִיֵּאל (דניאל ח, כז): וַאֲנִי דָנִיֵּאל נִהְיֵיתִי וְנֶחֱלֵיתִי, אָמַר לְפָנָיו וְכָךְ אֲנִי אוֹמֵר לָהֶן, אָמַר לוֹ לָאו, אֶלָא אֶהְיֶה שְׁלָחַנִי אֲלֵיכֶם, אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אֶהְיֶה לַאֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה בִּיחִידִים אֲבָל בִּמְרֻבִּים עַל כָּרְחָם שֶׁלֹא בְּטוֹבָתָם כְּשֶׁהֵן מְשֻׁבָּרוֹת שִׁנֵּיהֶן מוֹלֵךְ אֲנִי עֲלֵיהֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יחזקאל כ, לג): חַי אָנִי נְאֻם ה' אֱלֹהִים אִם לֹא בְּיָד חֲזָקָה וּבִזְרוֹעַ נְטוּיָה וּבְחֵמָה שְׁפוּכָה אֶמְלוֹךְ עֲלֵיכֶם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי עֲנָנִיאֵל בֶּן רַבִּי שָׂשׂוֹן אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לִכְשֶׁאֲנִי מְבַקֵּשׁ אֶחָד מִן הַמַּלְאָכִים שֶׁהוּא אֶחָד מִשְּׁלִישׁוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, פּוֹשֵׁט יָדוֹ מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם וּמַגַּעַת לָאָרֶץ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יחזקאל ח, ג): וַיִּשְׁלַח תַּבְנִית יָד וַיִּקָּחֵנִי בְּצִיצִת רֹאשִׁי. וּכְשֶׁבִּקַּשְׁתִּי שְׁלשָׁה מֵהֶן עֲשִׂיתִים יוֹשְׁבִים תַּחַת הָאִילָן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית יח, ד): וְהִשָּׁעֲנוּ תַּחַת הָעֵץ, וּכְשֶׁאֲנִי מְבַקֵּשׁ כְּבוֹדוֹ מָלֵא כָל הָעוֹלָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה כג, כד): הֲלוֹא אֶת הַשָּׁמַיִם וְאֶת הָאָרֶץ אֲנִי מָלֵא נְאֻם ה'. וּכְשֶׁבִּקַּשְׁתִּי דִּבַּרְתִּי עִם אִיּוֹב מִן הַסְּעָרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (איוב לח, א): וַיַּעַן ה' אֶת אִיּוֹב מִן הַסְּעָרָה. וְכַאֲשֶׁר אֲנִי מְבַקֵּשׁ, מִתּוֹךְ הַסְּנֶה.
“God said to Moses: 'I will be what I will be,' and He said: 'So shall you say to the children of Israel: I will be has sent me to you” (Exodus 3:14).
“God said to Moses” – Rabbi Abba bar Mamal said: The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: You seek to know My name? I am named according to My actions. At [different] times I am named God Almighty [El Shaddai], [Lord of] Hosts [Tzevaot], God [Elohim], the Lord [Y-H-V-H].15The ineffable name, pronounced Adonai. When I judge [My] creatures, I am called Elohim. When I wage war against the wicked, I am called Tzevaot. When I abide a person’s sins, I am called El Shaddai. When I have mercy on My world I am called Y-H-V-H, as Y-H-V-H is nothing other than the attribute of mercy, as it is stated: “Y-H-V-H, Y-H-V-H, merciful and gracious God” (Exodus 34:6). That is, “I will be what I will be,” I am named based on My actions.
Rabbi Yitzḥak says: The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘Say to them: It is I who have been with you in the past, and it is I now, and it is I in the future;’ therefore, “I will be” is written three times.
Another interpretation: “I will be what I will be,” – Rabbi Yaakov son of Rabbi Avina said in the name of Rabbi Huna of Tzipporin: The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘Say to them: In this servitude I will be with them and into servitude they are going and I will be with them.’ He said before Him: ‘Is that what I should say to them? The present trouble is sufficient.’16An expression meaning that one should not concern oneself with future troubles that are not in one’s control. He said to him: ‘No, “so shall you say to the children of Israel: I will be has sent me to you.” I am informing you, but I am not informing them.’
Another interpretation: “I will be [ehyeh]” – Rabbi Yitzḥak said in the name of Rabbi Ammi: They are standing with mortar and bricks, and to mortar and bricks they are going. Likewise, regarding Daniel: “I, Daniel, was stricken [niyeti]17The verb root is the same as ehyeh. The verse in Daniel serves as a prooftext to the notion that the root heh yod heh can refer to suffering. and became ill” (Daniel 8:27). He [Moses] said before Him: ‘Is that what I should say to them?’ He said to him: ‘No, but rather “Ehyeh has sent me to you.”’18As in the previous opinion, God tells Moses to inform them only that God will help them in the present suffering and not about His help in any future suffering.
Rabbi Yoḥanan said: I will be for whom I will be for individuals; but for the masses, even against their will, not for their well-being, while breaking their teeth, I will rule over them, as it is stated: “As I live, says the Lord God, surely with a mighty hand, and with an outstretched arm, and with outpoured fury, I will rule over you” (Ezekiel 20:33).
Another matter, as Rabbi Ananiel ben Rabbi Sason said: The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘When I wish, one of the angels, who is one-third the size of the world, extends his hand from the heavens and touches the earth, as it is stated: “He19An angel. extended the form of a hand and took me by a lock of my head” (Ezekiel 8:3). And when I wished, I made three of them sit under a tree, as it is stated: “And recline under the tree” (Genesis 18:4). And when I wish, My glory fills the entire world, as it is stated: “Don’t I fill the heavens and the earth? – the utterance of the Lord” (Jeremiah 23:24). And when I wished, I spoke to Job from the tempest, as it is stated: “The Lord answered Job from the tempest” (Job 38:1); and when I wish, from the midst of the bush.’
וַיֹּאמֶר עוֹד אֱלֹהִים אֶל משֶׁה כֹּה תֹאמַר לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל ה' אֱלֹהֵי אֲבֹתֵיכֶם, לֵךְ וֶאֱמֹר לָהֶם בִּשְׁמִי שֶׁהוּא מִדַּת רַחֲמִים, בּוֹ אֲנִי מִתְנַהֵג עִמָּהֶם בִּזְכוּת אֲבוֹתָם, וְתֵדַע שֶׁעַל אָבוֹת אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב אֲנִי אוֹמֵר, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: ה' אֱלֹהֵי אֲבֹתֵיכֶם אֱלֹהֵי אַבְרָהָם אֱלֹהֵי יִצְחָק וֵאלֹהֵי יַעֲקֹב שְׁלָחַנִי אֲלֵיכֶם, וּכְשֶׁשָּׁמַע משֶׁה כָּךְ שֶׁלֹא הִזְכִּיר אָבִיו כְּשֵׁם שֶׁעָשָׂה בַּתְּחִלָּה, אָמַר לְפָנָיו רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם יֵשׁ חוֹטְאִים בַּשְּׁאוֹל, אָמַר לוֹ לָאו. אָמַר לְפָנָיו לְשֶׁעָבַר אָמַרְתָּ שִׁמְךָ עַל אָבִי וְעַכְשָׁו סִלַּקְתָּ אוֹתוֹ. אָמַר לוֹ בַּתְּחִלָּה פִּתּוּי פִּתִּיתִי אוֹתְךָ מִכָּאן וָאֵילָךְ דִּבְרֵי אֱמֶת אֲנִי מְדַבֵּר עִמְּךָ. זֶה שְׁמִי לְעֹלָם, חָסֵר וָא"ו, שֶׁלֹא יֶהְגֶּה אָדָם אֶת הַשֵּׁם בְּאוֹתִיּוֹתָיו. וְזֶה זִכְרִי לְדֹר דֹּר, שֶׁאֵין אוֹמֵר אוֹתוֹ אֶלָּא בְּכִנּוּי.
“God said further to Moses: So shall you say to the children of Israel: The Lord, the God of your fathers, God of Abraham, God of Isaac, and God of Jacob, has sent me to you; this is My name forever, and this is My memorial for all generations” (Exodus 3:15).
“God said further to Moses: So shall you say to the children of Israel: The Lord [Y-H-V-H], the God of your fathers…” Go and speak to them in My name, which is the attribute of justice, with which I conduct Myself with them due to the merit of their forefathers. Know that I am speaking about the forefathers Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; that is what is written: “The Lord, the God of your fathers, God of Abraham, God of Isaac, and God of Jacob, has sent me to you.” When Moses heard that He did not mention his father as He had initially,20Exodus 3:6. See the midrash on that verse. he said before Him: ‘Master of the universe, are there sinners in the grave?’ He said to him: ‘No.’ He said before Him: ‘In the past, You said Your name in association with my father, and now You have removed it.’ He said to him: ‘Initially, I tempted you with inducements, from this point forward, I speak words of truth with you.’
“This is My name forever [leolam]” – [leolam is written] without a vav,21When spelled that way it evokes haalama, meaning concealment. so that a person will not enunciate God’s name, as it is written. “And this is My memorial for all generations” – so that one refers to Him only with an appellation.
לֵךְ וְאָסַפְתָּ אֶת זִקְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, לְעוֹלָם זְקֵנִים מַעֲמִידִים אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (יהושע ח, לג): וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל וּזְקֵנָיו וְשֹׁטְרָיו וְשֹׁפְטָיו עֹמְדִים מִזֶּה וּמִזֶּה לָאָרוֹן, אֵימָתַי יִשְׂרָאֵל עוֹמְדִים, כְּשֶׁיֵּשׁ לָהֶם זְקֵנִים, לָמָּה, כְּשֶׁהָיָה בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ קַיָּם, הָיוּ שׁוֹאֲלִים בַּזְּקֵנִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים לב, ז): שְׁאַל אָבִיךָ וְיַגֵּדְךָ זְקֵנֶיךָ וְיֹאמְרוּ לָךְ, שֶׁכָּל מִי שֶׁנּוֹטֵל עֵצָה מִן הַזְּקֵנִים אֵינוֹ נִכְשָׁל. תֵּדַע לָךְ, כְּשֶׁשָּׁלַח בֶּן הַדַּד אֶל מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים א כ, ג): כֹּה אָמַר בֶּן הֲדַד כַּסְפְּךָ וּזְהָבְךָ לִי הוּא, שָׁלַח לוֹ מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל (מלכים א כ, ד): כִּדְבָרְךָ אֲדֹנִי הַמֶּלֶךְ לְךָ אֲנִי וְכָל אֲשֶׁר לִי. פַּעַם שְׁנִיָּה שָׁלַח לוֹ (מלכים א כ, ו): כִּי אִם כָּעֵת מָחָר אֶשְׁלַח אֶת עֲבָדַי אֵלֶיךָ וְחִפְּשׂוּ אֶת בֵּיתְךָ וְאֶת בָּתֵּי עֲבָדֶיךָ וְהָיָה כָּל מַחְמַד עֵינֶיךָ יָשִׂימוּ בְּיָדָם וְלָקָחוּ. וְכִי כָּל מַה שֶּׁתָּבַע בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה אֵינוֹ חֶמְדָה, בִּקֵּשׁ כֶּסֶף וְזָהָב וְהֵם חֶמְדָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (חגי ב, ז): וּבָאוּ חֶמְדַת כָּל הַגּוֹיִם. בִּקֵּשׁ נָשִׁים וְהֵם חֶמְדָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יחזקאל כד, טז): בֶּן אָדָם הִנְנִי לֹקֵחַ מִמְּךָ אֶת מַחְמַד עֵינֶיךָ וגו'. בִּקֵּשׁ בָּנִים וְהֵם חֶמְדָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (הושע ט, טז): וְהֵמַתִּי מַחֲמַדֵּי בִטְנָם. הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר כָּל מַה שֶּׁתָּבַע בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה חֶמְדָה, וּמַהוּ כָּל מַחְמַד עֵינֶיךָ, דָּבָר שֶׁהִיא חֶמְדָה מִתּוֹךְ חֶמְדָה, זוֹ הַתּוֹרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים יט, יא): הַנֶּחֱמָדִים מִזָּהָב וּמִפָּז רָב. כֵּיוָן שֶׁשָּׁמַע מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל זֶה, אָמַר אֵין זוֹ שֶׁלִּי אֶלָּא שֶׁל זְקֵנִים הִיא, מִיָּד (מלכים א כ, ז ח): וַיִּקְרָא מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְכָל זִקְנֵי הָאָרֶץ וגו' וַיֹּאמְרוּ אֵלָיו כָּל הַזְּקֵנִים וְכָל הָעָם אַל תִּשְׁמַע וְלוֹא תֹאבֶה. כֵּיוָן שֶׁשָּׁמַע לַעֲצַת הַזְּקֵנִים, מִיָּד (מלכים א כ, כא): וַיֵּצֵא מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיַּךְ אֶת הַסּוּס וְאֶת הָרֶכֶב וגו', הֱוֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל נִמְלָכִים בַּזְּקֵנִים, וּלְכָךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה: לֵךְ וְאָסַפְתָּ אֶת זִקְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, אֱמֹר לָהֶם: פָּקֹד פָּקַדְתִּי, אָמַר לוֹ מָסוֹרָה הִיא בְּיָדָם מִיּוֹסֵף שֶׁבַּלָּשׁוֹן הַזֶּה אֲנִי גוֹאֲלָם, לֵךְ אֱמֹר לָהֶם זֶה הַסִּימָן. מַהוּ פָּקֹד פָּקַדְתִּי, פָּקֹד בְּמִצְרַיִם, פָּקַדְתִּי עַל הַיָּם. פָּקֹד לְהַבָּא, פָּקַדְתִּי לְשֶׁעָבַר. וְאֶת הֶעָשׂוּי לָכֶם בְּמִצְרַיִם, כְּלוֹמַר אֲנִי פוֹקֵד עַל הַמִּצְרִיִּים מַה שֶּׁעוֹשִׂים לָכֶם, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (שמואל א טו, ב): פָּקַדְתִּי אֶת אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה לְךָ עֲמָלֵק. וָאֹמַר אַעֲלֶה אֶתְכֶם, אֱמֹר לָהֶם כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַרְתִּי לְיַעֲקֹב אֲבִיהֶן כֵּן אֶעֱשֶׂה. וּמָה אָמַר לוֹ (בראשית מו, ד): וְאָנֹכִי אַעַלְךָ גַּם עָלֹה, וְכֵן יַעֲקֹב אָמַר לְבָנָיו (בראשית מח, כא): וְהָיָה אֱלֹהִים עִמָּכֶם וְהֵשִׁיב אֶתְכֶם וגו', מִיָּד וְשָׁמְעוּ לְקוֹלֶךָ, לָמָּה שֶׁמָּסֹרֶת גְּאֻלָּה הוּא בְּיָדָם שֶׁכָּל גּוֹאֵל שֶׁיָּבוֹא וְיֹאמַר לָהֶם פְּקִידָה כְּפוּלָה, גּוֹאֵל שֶׁל אֱמֶת הוּא. וְאַחַר כָּךְ וּבָאתָ אַתָּה וְזִקְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וגו', חָלַק כָּבוֹד לַזְּקֵנִים. וַאֲמַרְתֶּם אֵלָיו ה' אֱלֹהֵי הָעִבְרִיִּים נִקְרָה עָלֵינוּ, לָמָּה קוֹרֵא אוֹתָם עִבְרִיִּים, עַל שׁוּם שֶׁעָבְרוּ יָם. וְעַתָּה נֵלֲכָה נָא דֶרֶךְ שְׁלשֶׁת יָמִים, לָמָּה אָמְרוּ שְׁלשָׁה יָמִים וְלֹא אָמְרוּ נֵלְכָה נָא לְעוֹלָם, לָמָּה אָמְרוּ כֵּן, כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּטְעוּ הַמִּצְרִיִּים וְיִרְדְּפוּ אַחֲרֵיהֶם בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁיֵּצְאוּ, וְיֹאמְרוּ לֹא גְּאָלָם אֶלָּא עַל מְנָת שֶׁיֵּלְכוּ שְׁלשֶׁת יָמִים וְיִזְבְּחוּ לוֹ, וְהֵם עִכְּבוּ עַצְמָן כָּל כָּךְ, וְיִרְדְּפוּ אַחֲרֵיהֶם בְּסוֹף שְׁלשָׁה יָמִים וְיַטְבִּיעֵם בַּיָּם, לִמְדֹד לָהֶם בַּמִּדָּה שֶׁמָּדְדוּ, שֶׁאָמְרוּ (שמות א, כב): כָּל הַבֵּן הַיִּלּוֹד הַיְאֹרָה וגו'.
“Go and gather the elders of Israel, and say to them: The Lord, the God of your fathers, God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob, has appeared to me, saying: I have remembered you, and what is being done to you in Egypt” (Exodus 3:16).
“Go and gather the elders of Israel.” The elders always uphold Israel, and thus it says: “And all Israel, and its elders, and its officers, and its judges, stood on this side and on that side of the ark” (Joshua 8:33). When is Israel capable of standing? It is when they have elders. Why, when the Temple was standing, did they consult with the elders, as it is stated: “Ask your father and he will tell you; your elders and they will say to you” (Deuteronomy 32:7)? It is because anyone who takes counsel from elders does not fail. Know that when ben-Hadad sent to the king of Israel, as it is stated: “So said ben-Hadad: Your silver and your gold are mine” (I Kings 20:3), the king of Israel sent to him: “As you said, my lord king: I, and everything that I have are yours” (Ibid. 20:4). He sent to him a second time: “But tomorrow at this time, I will send my servants to you and they will search your house, and the houses of your servants; and it will be, that everything precious [maḥmad] to you, they will seize, and take it” (I Kings 20:6). Was everything that he demanded initially not precious? He demanded silver and gold and they are precious, as it is stated: “And the precious items [ḥemdat] of all the peoples will come” (Haggai 2:7). 22The following verse in Haggai states: “Mine is the silver, and Mine the gold, the utterance of the Lord of hosts.” He demanded women and they are precious, as it is stated: “Son of man, behold, I am taking away from you the desire [maḥmad] of your eyes…” (Ezekiel 24:16). He demanded children, and they are precious, as it is stated: “And I will slay the beloved fruit [maḥmad] of their womb” (Hosea 9:16). You must say: Everything he demanded initially was precious, and “everything precious to you” is an item that is ultimately precious, that is the Torah, as it is stated: “More precious than gold and more than much fine gold” (Psalms 19:11).
When the king of Israel heard this, he said: ‘This is not mine, but rather it belongs to the elders.’ Immediately, “The king of Israel called all the elders of the land…and all the elders and all the people said to him: Neither heed nor consent” (I Kings 20:7–8). Once he heeded the counsel of the elders, immediately: “The king of Israel went out, and smote the horses and the chariots” (I Kings 20:21). That is Israel consulting the elders. Therefore, the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: “Go and gather the elders of Israel.”
“Say to them…I have remembered [pakod pakadeti].” He said to him: ‘They have a tradition from Joseph that I will deliver them with this expression.23“God will remember [pakod yifkod] you” (Genesis 50:24). Go and say to them: This is the sign.’ What is pakod pakadeti? Pakod in Egypt, pakadeti at the sea; pakod in the future, pakadeti in the past. “And what is being done to you in Egypt” – in other words, I will remember for the Egyptians what they are doing to you, as it is stated: “I remember what Amalek did to you” (I Samuel 15:2). 24The verse actually states: “I remember what Amalek did to Israel.” This statement precedes God’s command to King Saul to annihilate Amalek.
“And I said: I will take you up out of the affliction of Egypt, to the land of the Canaanites and the Hitites and the Emorites and the Perizites and the Hivites and the Yevusites, to a land flowing with milk and honey. They will listen to your voice and you shall go, you and the elders of Israel, to the king of Egypt and you shall say to him: The Lord, God of the Hebrews, happened upon us. And now, please, let us go a journey of three days in the wilderness, and we will sacrifice to the Lord our God.” (Exodus 3:17-18).
“And I said: I will take you up” – Say to them that, as I said to Jacob their ancestor, so I will do. What did He say to him [Jacob]? “I will also take you up” (Genesis 46:4). 25God promised Jacob when he went to Egypt that he would take his descendants out of Egypt. Likewise, Jacob said to his sons: “God will be with you and He will return you…” (Genesis 48:21). Immediately, “they will heed your voice.” Why? It is because they have a tradition of deliverance, that any deliverer who comes and says to them a double expression of remembrance [pakod pakadeti] is a genuine deliverer. Then “you shall go, you and the elders of Israel…” – He showed respect for the elders. “You shall say to him: The Lord, God of the Hebrews, happened upon us.” Why does it call them Hebrews [ivrim]? It is because they crossed [avru] the sea.
“And now, please, let us go a journey of three days...” Why did they say three days and did not say, please let us go forever? Why did they say this? It was so the Egyptians would be misled and pursue them when they left, and would say: ‘He delivered them only so they would go three days and sacrifice to Him, and it is they who have delayed for so long.’ And they will pursue them after three days and He will drown them in the sea to punish them with a punishment to fit their crime, as they said: “Every boy that is born you shall cast into the Nile…” (Exodus 1:22).
וַאֲנִי יָדַעְתִּי כִּי לֹא יִתֵּן אֶתְכֶם מֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם לַהֲלֹךְ, רָאָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מַה עָתִיד פַּרְעֹה הָרָשָׁע לַעֲשׂוֹת וּלְהַכְבִּיד הָעֲבוֹדָה עַל הָעָם מֵעֵת שֶׁיֵּלֵךְ בִּשְׁלִיחוּתוֹ, וּכְדֵי שֶׁלֹא יִטְעֶה בַּדָּבָר, הוֹדִיעוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כָּךְ וְכָךְ עָתִיד פַּרְעֹה לַעֲשׂוֹת בַּזְּמַן שֶׁתֵּלֵךְ בִּשְׁלִיחוּתִי, כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹא יָשִׂיחַ דְּבָרִים כְּלַפֵּי מַעְלָה. וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן הֵטִיחַ דְּבָרִים כְּלַפֵּי מַעְלָה, וְעָלָיו נֶאֱמַר (קהלת ז, ז): כִּי הָעשֶׁק יְהוֹלֵל חָכָם.
“And I know that the king of Egypt will not let you go, except by a mighty hand” (Exodus 3:19).
“And I know that the king of Egypt will not let you go.” The Holy One blessed be He saw what the wicked Pharaoh is destined to do; [that he will] increase the workload of the people from the moment that he [Moses] goes [to Pharaoh] as His emissary. And so that he [Moses] would not be misled by this thing, the Holy One blessed be He made known to him that Pharaoh is destined to do such and such when you go on My mission so that he would not reproach Heaven. 26In order that Moses would not complain to God that his mission was a failure, as he in fact did in Exodus 5:22-23. Nevertheless, he reproached Heaven, and about him it is stated: “For oppression turns a wise man into a fool” (Ecclesiastes 7:7).
וְשָׁלַחְתִּי אֶת יָדִי, אֶעֱשֶׂה מַה שֶּׁדִּבַּרְתִּי לְאַבְרָהָם (בראשית טו, יד): וְגַם אֶת הַגּוֹי אֲשֶׁר יַעֲבֹדוּ דָּן אָנֹכִי, כְּדֵי לִמְדֹד בָּהֶם בְּמִדָּתָם, לְכָךְ אֲסָרֵב בָּהֶם, וְאַחַר אֲשֶׁר אֲשַׁלֵּם לָהֶם אֶל חֵיקָם, יְשַׁלַּח אֶתְכֶם.
“I will extend My hand, and smite Egypt with all My wonders that I will perform in its midst; after that he will let you go” (Exodus 3:20).
“I will extend My hand…” I will do what I spoke of to Abraham: “And also that nation which they will serve, I will judge” (Genesis 15:14), in order to punish them with a punishment to fit their crime. Therefore, I will render them obstinate, and after I complete administering their punishment, “he will let you go.”
וְנָתַתִּי אֶת חֵן הָעָם, מַה שֶּׁאָמַרְתִּי לְאַבְרָהָם (בראשית טו, יד): וְאַחֲרֵי כֵן יֵצְאוּ בִּרְכֻשׁ גָּדוֹל, אֲנִי עָתִיד לַעֲשׂוֹת אֶתְכֶם לְחֵן בְּעֵינֵי מִצְרַיִם, כְּדֵי שֶׁיַּשְׁאִילוּם וְיֵלְכוּ מְלֵאִים, בִּכְדֵי שֶׁלֹא יְהֵא פִּתְחוֹן פֶּה לְאַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ לוֹמַר (בראשית טו, יג): וַעֲבָדוּם וְעִנּוּ אֹתָם, קִיֵּם בָּהֶם, וְאַחֲרֵי כֵן יֵצְאוּ בִּרְכוּשׁ גָּדוֹל, לֹא קִיֵּם בָּהֶם. וְשָׁאֲלָה אִשָּׁה מִשְׁכֶנְתָּהּ וגו'. מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהַשְֹּׂמָלוֹת חָבִיב עֲלֵיהֶם בְּיוֹתֵר, שֶׁבִּזְמַן שֶׁאָדָם יוֹצֵא לַדֶּרֶךְ אִם אֵין לוֹ שִׂמְלָה הוּא מַכְסִיף. וְנִצַּלְתֶּם אֶת מִצְרָיִם, עֲתִידִים לַעֲשׂוֹת מִצְרַיִם כִּמְצוּלָה שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ דָּגָה.
“I will give this people favor in the eyes of the Egyptians, and it will be when you go, you will not go empty-handed” (Exodus 3:21).
“I will give this people favor” – what I said to Abraham: “And afterward they will emerge with great wealth” (Genesis 15:14). I am destined to grant you favor in the Egyptian’s eyes, so they will lend to them and they will leave well-stocked. This is so that Abraham our patriarch will have no claim, saying: “They will serve them, and they will afflict them” (Genesis 15:13), He [God] fulfilled for them, but “then they will emerge with great wealth” (Genesis 15:14), He did not fulfill for them.
“Every woman shall ask of her neighbor, and of she who lives in her house, silver vessels, and gold vessels, and garments; and you shall place them upon your sons, and upon your daughters; and you shall despoil the Egyptians” (Exodus 3:22).
“Every woman shall ask of her neighbor…” – this teaches that garments were especially dear to them, as when a person sets out on the road, if he lacks garments, he is embarrassed. “And you shall despoil [venitzaltem] the Egyptians” – they are destined to make Egypt like the depths [metzulot] that have no fish.
וַיַּעַן משֶׁה וַיֹּאמֶר וְהֵן לֹא יַאֲמִינוּ לִי, אוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה דִּבֵּר משֶׁה שֶׁלֹא כַּהֹגֶן, הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אָמַר לוֹ (שמות ג, יח): וְשָׁמְעוּ לְקוֹלֶךָ, וְהוּא אָמַר: וְהֵן לֹא יַאֲמִינוּ לִי. מִיָּד הֱשִׁיבוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּשִׁיטָתוֹ, נָתַן לוֹ אוֹתוֹת לְפִי דְּבָרָיו. רְאֵה מַה כְּתִיב אַחֲרָיו: וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֵלָיו מַזֶּה בְיָדֶךָ וַיֹּאמֶר מַטֶּה, כְּלוֹמַר מִזֶּה שֶׁבְּיָדֶךָ אַתָּה צָרִיךְ לִלְקוֹת, שֶׁאַתָּה מוֹצִיא שֵׁם רָע עַל בָּנַי, הֵם מַאֲמִינִים בְּנֵי מַאֲמִינִים, מַאֲמִינִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ד, לא): וַיַּאֲמֵן הָעָם. בְּנֵי מַאֲמִינִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית טו, ו): וְהֶאֱמִן בַּה', תָּפַשׂ משֶׁה מַעֲשֵׂה הַנָּחָשׁ שֶׁהוֹצִיא לָשׁוֹן הָרָע עַל בּוֹרְאוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ג, ה): כִּי יֹדֵעַ אֱלֹהִים, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁלָּקָה הַנָּחָשׁ כָּךְ זֶה עָתִיד לִלְקוֹת, רְאֵה מַה כְּתִיב: וַיֹּאמֶר הַשְּׁלִיכֵהוּ אַרְצָה וַיַּשְׁלִיכֵהוּ אַרְצָה וַיְהִי לְנָחָשׁ, לְפִי שֶׁעָשָׂה מַעֲשֵׂה נָחָשׁ לְכָךְ הֶרְאָה לוֹ אֶת הַנָּחָשׁ, כְּלוֹמַר עָשִׂיתָ מַעֲשֶׂה שֶׁל זֶה. וַיָּנָס משֶׁה מִפָּנָיו, מַטְרוֹנָה אָמְרָה לְרַבִּי יוֹסֵי, אֱלֹהַי גָּדוֹל מֵאלֹהֶיךָ, אָמַר לָהּ לָמָּה, אָמְרָה לוֹ, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁנִּגְלָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם לְמשֶׁה בַּסְּנֶה הִסְתִּיר פָּנָיו משֶׁה, אֲבָל בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁרָאָה אֶת הַנָּחָשׁ שֶׁהוּא אֱלֹהַי, מִיָּד: וַיָּנָס משֶׁה מִפָּנָיו. אָמַר לָהּ תִּפַּח עַצְמוֹתָהּ, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁנִּגְלָה אֱלֹהֵינוּ בַּסְּנֶה לֹא הָיָה לוֹ מָקוֹם לִבְרֹחַ, אָנָא הָיָה בּוֹרֵחַ, לַשָּׁמַיִם, אוֹ לַיָּם, אוֹ לַיַּבָּשָׁה, מַה נֶּאֱמַר בֵּאלֹהֵינוּ (ירמיה כג, כד): הֲלוֹא אֶת הַשָּׁמַיִם וְאֶת הָאָרֶץ אֲנִי מָלֵא נְאֻם ה'. אֲבָל הַנָּחָשׁ שֶׁהוּא אֱלֹהַיִךְ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁאָדָם בּוֹרֵחַ מִמֶּנּוּ שְׁתַּיִם אוֹ שְׁלשָׁה פְּסִיעוֹת יָכוֹל לְהִנָּצֵל מִמֶּנּוּ, לְכָךְ כְּתִיב: וַיָּנָס משֶׁה מִפָּנָיו. דָּבָר אַחֵר, לָמָּה נָס, לְפִי שֶׁחָטָא בִּדְבָרָיו, שֶׁאִלּוּ לֹא חָטָא לֹא הָיָה נָס, שֶׁאֵין נָחָשׁ מֵמִית אֶלָּא הַחֵטְא מֵמִית, כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב בְּמַעֲשֶׂה רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בֶּן דּוֹסָא. וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֶל משֶׁה שְׁלַח נָא יָדְךָ וֶאֱחֹז בִּזְנָבוֹ, וַהֲרֵי אָמַרְנוּ לָמָּה הָיָה הַנָּחָשׁ כְּנֶגֶד משֶׁה, אֶלָּא מַה אוֹת הָיָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל בְּכָךְ, אָמַר רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר לְכָךְ נֶהְפַּךְ הַמַּטֶּה לְנָחָשׁ, כְּנֶגֶד פַּרְעֹה שֶׁנִּקְרָא נָחָשׁ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יחזקאל כט, ג): הַתַּנִּים הַגָּדוֹל, וְאוֹמֵר (ישעיה כז, א): עַל לִוְיָתָן נָחָשׁ בָּרִחַ, לְפִי שֶׁהָיָה נוֹשֵׁךְ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא רָאִיתָ פַּרְעֹה שֶׁהוּא כְּנָחָשׁ, עָתִיד אַתָּה לְהַכּוֹתוֹ בַּמַּטֶּה, וְסוֹף הַדְּבָרִים הוּא יֵעָשֶׂה כָּעֵץ, מַה הַמַּטֶּה אֵינוֹ נוֹשֵׁךְ כָּךְ הוּא לֹא יִשֹּׁךְ. הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: שְׁלַח יָדְךָ וֶאֱחֹז בִּזְנָבוֹ. לְמַעַן יַאֲמִינוּ כִּי נִרְאָה אֵלֶיךָ ה', לֵךְ עֲשֵׂה לָהֶם אוֹת זֶה כְּדֵי שֶׁיַּאֲמִינוּ שֶׁאֲנִי נִרְאָה אֵלֶיךָ:
“Moses answered and said: But they will not believe me, nor heed my voice; for they will say: The Lord did not appear to you” (Exodus 4:1).
“Moses answered and said: But they will not believe me.” At that moment, Moses spoke improperly. The Holy One blessed be He had said to him: “They will heed your voice” (Exodus 3:18), and he said: “But they will not believe me”? Immediately, the Holy One blessed be He responded to him in kind, providing him with signs based on his words. Look what is written afterward: “The Lord said to him: What is that [mazeh] in your hand? He said: A staff” (Exodus 4:2). In other words, from that [mizeh] which you have done, you must be punished, as you have slandered My children; they are believers, the children of believers. Believers, as it is stated: “The people believed” (Exodus 4:31); children of believers, as it is stated: “He [Abraham] believed in the Lord” (Genesis 15:6).
“He said: Cast it on the ground. He cast it on the ground, and it became a serpent. Moses fled from before it” (Exodus 4:3).
Moses adopted the way of the serpent who slandered his Creator, as it is stated: “For God knows [that on the day you eat of it, your eyes will open, and you shall be as God, knowers of good and evil]” (Genesis 3:5). Just as the serpent was punished, so, too, this one [Moses] is destined to be punished. See what is written: “He said: Cast it on the ground. He cast it on the ground, and it became a serpent.” Because he performed the action of the serpent, He therefore showed him the serpent, meaning, you performed this one’s action.
“Moses fled from before it.” A [Roman] gentlewoman said to Rabbi Yosei: ‘My god is greater than your God.’ He said to her: ‘Why?’ She said to him: ‘When your God revealed Himself to Moses at the bush, Moses concealed his face, but when he saw the serpent, which is my god, immediately: “Moses fled from before it.”’ He said to her: ‘May her bones wither.27Presumably Rabbi Yosei did not direct this curse directly at the Roman woman. This sotto voce comment made before he replied to her challenge is his response to her blasphemous contention that Moses feared the snake more than God. When our God revealed Himself at the bush, there was no place to flee. Where could he flee; to the heavens, to the sea, or to dry land? What is stated regarding our God? “Don’t I fill the heavens and the earth – the utterance of the Lord” (Jeremiah 23:24). However, the serpent, that is your god, when a person flees two or three steps from it, he can be saved; therefore, it is written: “Moses fled from before it.”’
Another interpretation: Why did he flee? It is because he sinned with his words, as had he not sinned, he would not have fled, because it is not the serpent that kills, but rather the sin that kills, as it is written in the incident involving Rabbi Ḥanina ben Dosa.28See Berakhot 33a.
“The Lord said to Moses: 'Extend your hand, and grasp its tail.’ He extended his hand, and grasped it, and it became a staff in his hand. So that they will believe that the Lord, God of their fathers, God of Abraham, God of Isaac, and God of Jacob, has appeared to you” (Exodus 4:4-5).
“The Lord said to Moses: ‘Extend your hand, and grasp its tail.’” We already said how the serpent corresponded to Moses, but what sign was there for Israel in this? Rabbi Eliezer said: That is why the staff was transformed into a serpent, corresponding to Pharaoh, who was called a serpent, as it is stated: “The great serpent” (Ezekiel 29:3), and it says: “Against Leviathan the bar-serpent” (Isaiah 27:1), because he would bite Israel. The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘Have you seen Pharaoh, who is like a serpent? You are destined to strike him with a staff and in the end he will become like wood. Just as a staff does not bite, so, too he will not bite.’ That is what is written: “Extend your hand, and grasp its tail…. So that they will believe that the Lord…has appeared to you.” ‘Go perform this sign for them, so that they will believe that I have appeared to you.’
וַיֹּאמֶר ה' [לו עוד הבא] נָא יָדְךָ בְּחֵיקֶךָ, אָמַר לוֹ מַה הַנָּחָשׁ כְּשֶׁהִלְשִׁין הִכֵּיתִי אוֹתוֹ בְּצָרַעַת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ג, יד): אָרוּר אַתָּה מִכָּל הַבְּהֵמָה, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (ויקרא יג, נא): צָרַעַת מַמְאֶרֶת. אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר הָלֵין סִלְעִין דְּבֵיהּ, צָרָעִין אִינוּן, אַף אַתָּה רָאוּי לִלְקוֹת בְּצָרַעַת, וְלָמָּה הִכְנִיסָהּ בְּחֵיקוֹ, לְפִי שֶׁדַּרְכּוֹ שֶׁל לָשׁוֹן הָרָע לוֹמַר בַּסֵּתֶר, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (תהלים קא, ה): מְלָשְׁנִי בַסֵּתֶר רֵעֵהוּ אוֹתוֹ אַצְמִית, אֵין אַצְמִית אֶלָּא לְשׁוֹן צָרַעַת, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (ויקרא כה, כג): לִצְמִתֻת, וּמְתַרְגְּמִינָן לַחֲלוּטִין, וּתְנַן אֵין בֵּין מְצֹרָע מֻסְגָּר לִמְצֹרָע מֻחְלָט. וַיָּבֵא יָדוֹ בְּחֵיקוֹ וַיּוֹצִיאָהּ וְהִנֵּה יָדוֹ מְצֹרַעַת כַּשָּׁלֶג, לָקַח אֶת שֶׁלּוֹ עַל שֶׁהִלְשִׁין. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסִכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר, מִכָּאן אַתָּה לָמֵד שֶׁכָּל הַחוֹשֵׁד חֲבֵרוֹ בְּדָבָר וְאֵין בּוֹ, לוֹקֶה בְּגוּפוֹ. וַיֹּאמֶר הָשֵׁב יָדְךָ אֶל חֵיקֶךָ, וְכִי מָה אוֹת הָיָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל בָּזֶה, לֵךְ אֱמֹר לָהֶם מַה מְּצֹרָע מְטַמֵּא אַף הַמִּצְרִיִּים מְטַמְּאִים אֶתְכֶם, וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁהוּא נִטְהָר כָּךְ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עָתִיד לְטַהֵר לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב: וְהִנֵּה יָדוֹ מְצֹרַעַת כַּשָּׁלֶג, וּבָרְפוּאָה כְּתִיב: וַיּוֹצִאָהּ מֵחֵיקוֹ וְהִנֵּה שָׁבָה כִּבְשָׂרוֹ, אָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ שֶׁלֹא לְהוֹצִיא לַעַז עַל בְּשָׂרוֹ שֶׁל משֶׁה, לְכָךְ לֹא נִצְטָרַע הַיָּד עַד שֶׁיָּצָא מֵחֵיקוֹ, אֲבָל לְעִנְיַן הָרְפוּאָה מִתּוֹךְ חֵיקוֹ נִתְרַפֵּאת. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מִכָּאן שֶׁהַפֻּרְעָנִיוּת שׁוֹהָה עַל הַצַּדִּיקִים לָבוֹא וּמִדַּת הַטּוֹב מְמַהֶרֶת לָבוֹא. וְהָיָה אִם לֹא יַאֲמִינוּ גַּם לִשְׁנֵי וגו', לָמָּה עָשָׂה לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שָׁלשׁ אוֹתוֹת, כְּנֶגֶד אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב. וְלָקַחְתָּ מִמֵּימֵי הַיְּאֹר, רָמַז לוֹ שֶׁעַל יְדֵי דָּבָר שֶׁיֹּאמַר אֶל יִשְׂרָאֵל, עֲתִידִין הַמַּיִם לַהֲפֹךְ לְדָם, וְהוּא יִלְקֶה עַל יְדֵיהֶם, שֶׁכֵּן כְּתִיב (במדבר כ, י): שִׁמְעוּ נָא הַמֹּרִים, וְהִכָּה הַסֶּלַּע וְהוֹצִיא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים עח, כ): הֵן הִכָּה צוּר וַיָּזוּבוּ מַיִם, וְאֵין וַיָּזוּבוּ אֶלָּא לְשׁוֹן דָּם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא טו, כה): וְאִשָּׁה כִּי יָזוּב זוֹב דָּמָהּ. וּלְכָךְ הִכָּה הַסֶּלַע פַּעֲמַיִם, שֶׁבַּתְּחִלָּה הוֹצִיא דָּם, וּלְבַסּוֹף מָיִם. בִּשְׁנֵי הָאוֹתוֹת הָרִאשׁוֹנִים אַתְּ מוֹצֵא שֶׁחָזְרוּ לִכְמוֹת שֶׁהָיוּ, אֲבָל אוֹת הַדָּם לֹא חָזַר לִכְמוֹת שֶׁהָיָה, לְפִי שֶׁלֹא רָצָה לִמְחֹל לְמשֶׁה עַל חֵטְא הַמַּיִם, וּמָה אוֹת הָיָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, אָמַר לָהֶם בָּזֶה הָאוֹת יִלְקוּ הַמִּצְרִיִּים תְּחִלָּה.
“The Lord said to him further: Put your hand in your bosom. He put his hand in his bosom and took it out, and behold, his hand was leprous, like snow” (Exodus 4:6).
“The Lord said to him further: Put your hand in your bosom.” He said to him: ‘It is just like the serpent who, when he engaged in slander, I afflicted him with leprosy, as it is stated: “Cursed [arur] are you from all the animals” (Genesis 3:14), as you say: “Malignant [mameret] leprosy”’ (Leviticus 13:51). Rabbi Elazar said: Those spots on it [the serpent] are leprous marks; so do you deserve to be afflicted with leprosy. Why did he place it in his bosom? It is because slander is typically told in secret. Likewise it says: “He who slanders his neighbor in secret, I will destroy [atzmit]” (Psalms 101:5). Atzmit [refers to] nothing but leprosy, as it is stated: “In perpetuity [litzmitut]” (Leviticus 25:23), which is translated as completely [laḥalutin]29In Targum Onkelos. and it is taught: “The difference between a quarantined leper and a confirmed leper [muḥlat] is only… (Megilla 8b).”30The midrash cites the mishna to show that the word muḥlat, which is derived from the same root as laḥalutin, is used in the context of leprosy.
“He put his hand in his bosom and took it out, and behold, his hand was leprous, like snow.” He received his due because he engaged in slander. Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin said in the name of Rabbi Levi: From here you learn that anyone who suspects another of something which is untrue of him, is afflicted in his body.
“He said: Put your hand back in your bosom. He put his hand back in his bosom; and he removed it from his bosom, and behold, it was restored like his flesh” (Exodus 4:7).
“He said: Put your hand back in your bosom.” How is there a sign for Israel in this? [It is as if God were saying:] Go and say to them: Just as a leper causes impurity, so do the Egyptians render you impure. And just as he [the leper] is purified, so is the Holy One blessed be He destined to purify Israel, as it is written: “And behold, his hand was leprous, like snow,” and in the healing it is written: “He removed it from his bosom, and behold, it was restored like his flesh.” Our Rabbis say: So as not to cast aspersions on Moses’s flesh [i.e. his bosom]; therefore, his hand was not afflicted with leprosy until he removed it from his bosom. However, regarding the healing, it was healed in his bosom. Alternatively, from here punishments are delayed before being exacted upon the righteous, while the [divine] attribute of goodness takes effect quickly.
“And it shall be that if they do not believe even these two signs, and they do not heed your voice, you shall take from the water of the Nile and pour it out on dry land; and the water that you take from the Nile will become blood on the dry land” (Exodus 4:9).
“It will be, if they will not believe even these two…” Why did the Holy One blessed be He perform three signs for him? It is corresponding to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.
“You shall take from the water of the Nile.” He indicated to him that, by means of something he will say to Israel, the water is destined to be transformed into blood, and he will be punished through it [the water], as it is written: “Hear now, defiant ones” (Numbers 20:10), and he struck the stone and extracted [water], as it is stated: “Behold, He struck the rock, and water flowed out [vayazuvu]” (Psalms 78:20). Vayazuvu is an expression of nothing other than blood, as it is stated: “If a woman will have a flow [yazuv zov] of her blood” (Leviticus 15:25). That is why he struck the stone twice, as initially it produced blood and finally water. In the first two signs, you find that they were restored to their original state, but the sign of the blood was not restored to its original state because He did not wish to forgive Moses for the sin of the water. And how was there a sign for Israel in this? He said to them: ‘With this sign the Egyptians will be afflicted first.’
וַיֹּאמֶר משֶׁה אֶל ה' בִּי ה', אָמַר משֶׁה לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אַתָּה אֲדוֹן הָעוֹלָם וּבִי אַתָּה רוֹצֶה שֶׁאֶהְיֶה שָׁלִיחַ, הֲרֵי לֹא אִישׁ דְּבָרִים אָנֹכִי וגו'. אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים שִׁבְעָה יָמִים קֹדֶם הָיָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְפַתֶּה לְמשֶׁה שֶׁיֵּלֵךְ בִּשְׁלִיחוּתוֹ, וְלֹא הָיָה רוֹצֶה לֵילֵךְ עַד מַעֲשֵׂה הַסְּנֶה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: לֹא אִישׁ דְּבָרִים אָנֹכִי, חַד. מִתְּמוֹל, שְׁנַיִם. גַּם, שְׁלשָׁה. מִשִּׁלְשֹׁם, אַרְבָּעָה. גַּם, חֲמִשָּׁה. מֵאָז, שִׁשָּׁה. דַּבֶּרְךָ, שִׁבְעָה. אָמַר רַבִּי פִּנְחָס הַכֹּהֵן, אָמַר משֶׁה אֲנִי אֵינִי אִישׁ שֶׁל דְּבָרִים, וְאֵינִי רוֹאֶה כָּאן דְּבָרִים, כִּי הָאָדָם שֶׁאֲנִי הוֹלֵךְ אֶצְלוֹ עֶבֶד הוּא וְאֵינוֹ מְקַבֵּל מוּסָר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי כט, יט), בִּדְבָרִים לֹא יִוָּסֶר עָבֶד, [נסח אחר: אם איני הולך לרדותו איני הולך, מיד ויאמר ה' וכו'] אִם אֲנִי הוֹלֵךְ לְרַדּוֹתוֹ אֲנִי הוֹלֵךְ מִיָּד.
“Moses said to the Lord: Please my Lord, I am not a man of words, neither yesterday, nor the day before, nor since You spoke to Your servant; for I am slow of speech, and slow of tongue” (Exodus 4:10).
“Moses said to the Lord: Please my Lord [Adonai].”31The name of the Lord is spelled alef, dalet, nun, yod. Moses said to the Holy One blessed be He: ‘You are the lord [adon] of the world, and it is me you want to be an emissary? “I am not a man of words…”’ The Sages said: Seven days previously, the Holy One blessed be He was inducing Moses to go on His mission, but he did not want to go until the incident at the bush. That is what is written: “I am not a man of words,” one; “yesterday,” two; “neither [gam],” three; “the day before,” four; “nor [gam],” five; “since,” six; “You spoke,” seven.
“The Lord said to him: Who makes a man's mouth, or makes a man mute, or deaf, or sighted, or blind? Is it not I, the Lord? Now, go, and I will be with your mouth, and teach you what you shall speak” (Exodus 4:11-12).
Rabbi Pinḥas HaKohen said; Moses said: ‘I am not a man of words, and I do not see [how] words [can be effective] here, because the person to whom I am going [Pharaoh]32Presumably, Pharaoh is regarded as a slave because Ham is the ancestor of Egypt and the descendants of Ham are cursed with slavery. See Genesis 9:25. Alternatively, “the man” refers to the typical Israelite slave. is a slave and he does not accept admonition, as it is stated: “A slave will not be admonished with words” (Proverbs 29:19). <variant reading:="" if="" i="" am="" not="" going="" to="" afflict="" him,="" i="" will="" not="" go,="" immediately:="" “the="" lord="" said="" [to="" him:="" who="" makes="" a="" man's="" mouth,="" or="" makes="" a="" man="" mute,="" or="" deaf,="" or="" sighted,="" or="" blind?="" is="" it="" not="" i,="" the="" lord?]”="">. If I am going to afflict him I will go immediately.’
וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֵלָיו מִי שָׂם פֶּה לָאָדָם, אָמַר לוֹ אִם אֵין אַתָּה אִישׁ דְּבָרִים אַל תָּחוּשׁ, הֲלוֹא אֲנִי בָּרָאתִי כָּל פִּיּוֹת שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם, וַאֲנִי עָשִׂיתִי אִלֵּם מִי שֶׁחָפַצְתִּי, וְחֵרֵשׁ וְעִוֵּר וּפִקֵּחַ לִרְאִיָּה וּפִקֵּחַ לִשְׁמִיעָה, וְאִם אֲנִי חָפַצְתִּי שֶׁתִּהְיֶה אִישׁ דְּבָרִים תִּהְיֶה כְּמוֹ כֵן, אֶלָּא לַעֲשׂוֹת בְּךָ נֵס אֲנִי חָפֵץ, בְּעֵת שֶׁתְּדַבֵּר שֶׁיִּהְיוּ דְּבָרֶיךָ נְכוֹנִים, שֶׁאֲנִי אֶהְיֶה עִם פִּיךָ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: וְאָנֹכִי אֶהְיֶה עִם פִּיךָ. מַהוּ וְהוֹרֵיתִיךָ רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ אָמַר, מוֹרֶה אֲנִי דְּבָרַי לְתוֹךְ פִּיךָ כְּמוֹ חֵץ, כְּמָה דְּאַתְּ אָמַר (שמות יט, יג): אוֹ יָרֹה יִיָרֶה. רַבִּי סִימוֹן אוֹמֵר בּוֹרֵא אֲנִי אוֹתְךָ בְּרִיָּה חֲדָשָׁה, כְּמָה דְּאַתְּ אָמַר (שמות ב, ב): וַתַּהַר הָאִשָּׁה.
“The Lord said to him: Who makes a man’s mouth?” He [God] said to him: ‘If you are not a man of words do not be concerned; haven’t I created all the mouths in the world, and I rendered mute whomever I wished, and [likewise determined who is] deaf and blind, and sighted and hearing? Had I wished for you to be a man of words, so would you be. Rather, I wish to perform a miracle with you. When you speak, your words will be exact,33Alternative translation: correct, fitting. as I will be with your mouth.’ That is what is written: “And I will be with your mouth.” What is “and teach you [vehoreitikha]”? Rabbi Abbahu said: I will shoot [moreh] My words into your mouth like an arrow, as it states: “Or will be shot [yaro yiyareh]” (Exodus 19:13). Rabbi Simon says: I will create you into a new being, as it is stated: “The woman conceived [vatahar] [and bore a son]” (Exodus 2:2).
וַיֹּאמֶר בִּי אֲדֹנָי שְׁלַח נָא בְּיַד תִּשְׁלָח, אָמַר רַבִּי חִיָּא הַגָּדוֹל, אָמַר לְפָנָיו רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, בִּי אַתָּה רוֹצֶה לִגְאֹל בָּנָיו שֶׁל אַבְרָהָם שֶׁעָשָׂה אוֹתְךָ אָדוֹן עַל כָּל בְּרִיּוֹתֶיךָ, שְׁלַח נָא בְּיַד תִּשְׁלָח, אָמַר לְפָנָיו אֵיזֶה חָבִיב לְאָדָם, בֶּן אָחִיו אוֹ בֶּן בְּנוֹ, הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר בֶּן בְּנוֹ, כְּשֶׁבִּקַּשְׁתָּ לְהַצִּיל אֶת לוֹט בֶּן אֲחִי אַבְרָהָם, בְּיַד הַמַּלְאָכִים שָׁלַחְתָּ לְהַצִּילוֹ, בָּנָיו שֶׁל אַבְרָהָם שֶׁהֵם שִׁשִּׁים רִבּוֹא, בְּיָדִי אַתָּה מְשַׁלֵּחַ לְהַצִּילָם, שְׁלַח בְּיַד הַמַּלְאָכִים שֶׁאַתָּה רָגִיל לִשְׁלֹחַ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, הָגָר הַמִּצְרִית חֲמִשָּׁה מַלְאָכִים שָׁלַחְתָּ אֶצְלָהּ, לְשִׁשִּׁים רִבּוֹא בָּנֶיהָ שֶׁל שָׂרָה, בְּיָדִי אַתָּה מְשַׁלֵּחַ לְהַצִּילָן. וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי סָבוּר אַתָּה שֶׁהָיָה מְעַכֵּב משֶׁה לֵילֵךְ, אֵינוֹ כֵן, אֶלָּא כִּמְכַבֵּד לְאַהֲרֹן, שֶׁהָיָה משֶׁה אוֹמֵר עַד שֶׁלֹא עָמַדְתִּי הָיָה אַהֲרֹן אָחִי מִתְנַבֵּא לָהֶם בְּמִצְרַיִם שְׁמֹנִים שָׁנָה, הוּא שֶׁכָּתַב (יחזקאל כ, ה): וָאִוָּדַע לָהֶם בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם. וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁאַהֲרֹן הָיָה מִתְנַבֵּא, שֶׁכֵּן הוּא אוֹמֵר (שמואל א ב, כז כח): וַיָּבֹא אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים אֶל עֵלִי וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו כֹּה אָמַר ה' הֲנִגְלֹה נִגְלֵיתִי אֶל בֵּית אָבִיךָ בִּהְיוֹתָם בְּמִצְרַיִם לְבֵית פַּרְעֹה וּבָחֹר אֹתוֹ מִכֹּל שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לִי לְכֹהֵן, אָמַר משֶׁה עַכְשָׁו אֶכָּנֵס בִּתְחוּמוֹ שֶׁל אָחִי וְיִהְיֶה מֵצֵר, בִּשְׁבִיל כָּךְ לֹא הָיָה מְבַקֵּשׁ לֵילֵךְ, מִיָּד: וַיִּחַר אַף ה' בְּמשֶׁה.
“He said: Please Lord, send by means of whom You send” (Exodus 4:13).
“He said: Please [bi] Lord [Adonai],34The name of the Lord is spelled alef, dalet, nun, yod. send by means of whom You send.” Rabbi Ḥiyya the Great said: He said before Him: ‘Master of the universe, with me [bi], You seek to deliver the children of Abraham, who established You as the lord [adon] over all Your creations? “Send, please, by means of whom You send.”’35Send whomever You usually send for such tasks. He said before Him: ‘Who is dearer to a person, his nephew or his grandson? You must say, it is his grandson. When you sought to rescue Lot, Abraham’s nephew, You sent angels to rescue him. Abraham’s descendants, who are six hundred thousand, you are sending me to rescue them? Send the angels whom You are accustomed to send.
Another matter: ‘For Hagar the Egyptian, You sent five angels to her; to six hundred thousand descendants of Sarah, it is me You are sending to rescue them?’ The Rabbis say: Did you suppose that Moses was refusing to go? That is not the case. Rather, it was in deference to Aaron, as Moses was saying: ‘Before I arose, Aaron my brother has been prophesying for them in Egypt for eighty years.’ That is what is written: “I made Myself known to them in the land of Egypt” (Ezekiel 20:5). From where [can it be known] that Aaron was prophesying? For it says like this: “A man of God came to Eli, and said to him: So said the Lord: Didn’t I reveal Myself to the house of your father when they were in Egypt, subject to Pharaoh's house? Did I not choose him from all the tribes of Israel to be My priest?”36Implying that Aaron was chosen already in Egypt. (I Samuel 2:27–28). Moses said: ‘Will I now encroach upon my brother and upset him?’ For that reason he did not wish to go. Immediately, “the wrath of the Lord was enflamed against Moses” (Exodus 4:14).
מַה חֲרוֹן אַף הָיָה שָׁם, שֶׁנִּטְלָה כְּהֻנָּה מִמּשֶׁה וְנִתְּנָה לְאַהֲרֹן. אָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה: הֲלֹא אַהֲרֹן אָחִיךָ הַלֵּוִי, וְכִי מֵאַחַר שֶׁאָמַר: אָחִיךָ, אֵינִי יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁהוּא לֵוִי, אֶלָּא אָמַר לוֹ רָאוּי הָיִיתָ לִהְיוֹת כֹּהֵן וְהוּא לֵוִי, וּלְפִי שֶׁאַתָּה מְסָרֵב עַל דְּבָרַי, תִּהְיֶה אַתָּה לֵוִי וְהוּא כֹהֵן, יָדַעְתִּי כִּי דַבֵּר יְדַבֵּר הוּא, לְפִי שֶׁאָמַרְתָּ: לֹא אִישׁ דְּבָרִים אָנֹכִי, לְכָךְ דַּבֵּר יְדַבֵּר הוּא, וּמַה שֶּׁאַתָּה סָבוּר שֶׁהוּא מֵצֵר לֹא כֵן אֶלָּא שָׂמֵחַ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְרָאֲךָ וְשָׂמַח בְּלִבּוֹ. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַלֵּב שֶׁשָֹּׂמַח בִּגְדֻלַּת אָחִיו יִלְבַּשׁ אוּרִים וְתֻמִּים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כח, ל): וְהָיוּ עַל לֵב אַהֲרֹן, מַה שֶּׁאַתָּה מִתְיָרֵא לְדַבֵּר כָּל אֵלּוּ הַדְּבָרִים, אֲנִי אֶהְיֶה עִם פִּיךָ. וְדִבֶּר הוּא לְךָ אֶל הָעָם וְהָיָה הוּא יִהְיֶה לְךָ לְפֶה, לִמְתוּרְגְּמָן. וְאַתָּה תִּהְיֶה לוֹ לֵאלֹהִים, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא אָחִיךָ הַגָּדוֹל מִמְּךָ, יִהְיֶה מוֹרָאֲךָ עָלָיו. מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ מוֹרָה רַבָּךְ כְּמוֹרָא שָׁמַיִם. אָמַר לוֹ כְּשֵׁם שֶׁמּוֹרָאִי עָלֶיךָ כָּךְ מוֹרָאֲךָ עָלָיו. וְאֶת הַמַּטֶּה הַזֶּה תִּקַּח בְּיָדֶךָ. אָמַרְתָּ (שמות ד, י): לֹא אִישׁ דְּבָרִים אָנֹכִי, (משלי כט, יט): בִּדְבָרִים לֹא יִוָּסֶר עָבֶד, מָה עוֹשִׂין לְעֶבֶד רוֹדִין אוֹתוֹ בְּמַקֵּל, כָּךְ אַתָּה קַח אֶת הַמַּטֶּה שֶׁתְּיַסְּרֶנּוּ בוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: וְאֶת הַמַּטֶּה הַזֶּה תִּקַּח בְּיָדֶךָ אֲשֶׁר תַּעֲשֶׂה בּוֹ אֶת הָאֹתֹת.
“The wrath of the Lord was enflamed against Moses, and He said: Surely Aaron your brother the Levite, I know that he can speak. And behold, he is coming out to meet you, and he will see you, and be glad in his heart” (Exodus 4:14).
What enflamed wrath was there? [At that moment,] the priesthood was taken from Moses and given to Aaron. Our Rabbis of blessed memory say: “Surely Aaron your brother the Levite” – from the fact that He said “your brother,” don’t I know that he is a Levite? Rather, He said to him: ‘You were fit to be a priest, and he, a Levite. Because you refuse to fulfill My words, you will be a Levite, and he, a priest.’
“I know that he can speak.” Because you said: “I am not a man of words,” therefore, he will speak. And that which you thought that he would be upset, that is not so; rather, he will be glad, as it is stated: “He will see you, and be glad in his heart.” Rabbi Shimon ben Rabbi Yosei said: The heart that was glad over the greatness of his brother will don the Urim ve’Tumim,37Part of the priestly vestments used as an oracle. as it is stated: “They shall be upon Aaron’s heart” (Exodus 28:30).
“You shall speak to him and place the words in his mouth, and I will be with your mouth and with his mouth, and I will instruct you what you shall do. He shall speak for you to the people and he shall be a mouth for you, and you shall be in God’s stead for him” (Exodus 4:15–16).
When you fear to speak all these matters, “I will be with your mouth.” “He shall speak for you to the people and he shall be a mouth for you” – a spokesperson. “And you shall be in God’s stead for him.” Even though he is your older brother, fear of you will be upon him. From here they said: Fear of your teacher is like the fear of Heaven. He [God] said to him: ‘Just as fear of Me is upon you, so, too, fear of you is upon him.’
“You shall take in your hand this staff, with which you shall perform the signs” (Exodus 4:17).
“You shall take in your hand this staff.” You said: “I am not a man of words” (Exodus 4:10). “A slave will not be admonished with words” (Proverbs 29:19). What does one do to a slave? One afflicts him with a staff. So should you take the staff with which to afflict him; that is what is written: “You shall take in your hand this staff, with which you will perform the signs.”