“Moses was herding the flock of his father-in-law Yitro, the priest of Midyan, and he led the flock into the wilderness, and he arrived at the mountain of God, to Ḥorev” (Exodus 3:1). “Moses was” – that is what is written: “He makes known to Moses His ways, His deeds [alilotav] to the children of Israel” (Psalms 103:7). The attributes and deeds of flesh and blood are distorted, as it is stated: “He pressed false charges against her” (Deuteronomy 22:14). However, the attributes and deeds of the Holy One blessed be He are merciful, as it is stated: “The Lord is compassionate and gracious” (Psalms 103:8). He made known to Moses those attributes at the moment that he [Moses] said to Him: “Please make known to me Your ways” (Exodus 33:13). The Holy One blessed be He said to him: “I will be gracious to whom I will be gracious” (Exodus 33:19). That is, “the Lord is compassionate and gracious.” “He makes known to Moses His ways…” – He made known to Moses the path to the culmination [the redemption], as it is stated: “Moses was herding.1God informed Moses of the path to the culmination of the Egyptian exile when He appeared to him as he was herding the flock.” “…His deeds [alilotav] to the children of Israel” – He performed His deeds in Egypt so that Israel would relate the deeds that the Holy One blessed be He did to Egypt. That is what is written: “So that you relate in the ears of your sons […what I wrought [hitallalti] upon Egypt]” (Exodus 10:2). “Compassionate” – He had compassion on Israel and the plagues did not touch them. “And gracious” – that they found grace in the eyes of Egypt. “Forbearing” (Psalms 103:8) – He was forbearing with them, as He tilts the scales in favor of kindness, and He looked to the good and not to the evil that they were destined to perform.
“Moses was herding” – that is what is written: “God was in His sacred Sanctuary” (Habakkuk 2:20). Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said: Until the Temple was destroyed, the Divine Presence rested in it, as it is stated: “God was in His sacred Sanctuary” (Psalms 11:4). When the Temple was destroyed, the Divine Presence removed itself to the heavens, as it is stated: “The Lord established His throne in the heavens” (Psalms 103:19). Rabbi Elazar says: The Divine Presence did not move from the Sanctuary, as it is stated: “My eyes and My heart will be there…” (II Chronicles 7:16); and likewise it says: “I will call to the Lord with my voice, and He answered me from his sacred mountain, Selah” (Psalms 3:5). Even though it is in ruins, it retains its sanctity; come and see what Cyrus says: “He is the God who is in Jerusalem” (Ezra 1:3). He [Cyrus] said to them: ‘Even though it is in ruins, God does not move from there.’ Rabbi Aḥa said: The Divine Presence never moves from the western wall,2The reference may be to the western wall of the Temple, not what is now known as the Western Wall, which is the western retaining wall of the Temple Mount. as it is stated: “Behold, he is standing behind our wall” (Song of Songs 2:9), and it is written: “His eyes behold, His eyelids assess the sons of man“ (Psalms 11:4). Rabbi Yannai said: Even though His Presence is in the heavens, “His eyes behold, His eyelids test the sons of man.” This is analogous to a king who had an orchard and built a tall tower in it; the king commanded laborers into it, to engage in his labor. The king said: Anyone who is industrious in his labor will receive his payment in full, and anyone who is indolent in his labor will be placed in prison.3The Hebrew is dimos, which is obscure. Some suggest it means to be placed in a state of terror. The king – that is the King of kings; the orchard – that is the world that the Holy One blessed be He gave to Israel in which to observe the Torah. He stipulated to them, saying: One who observes the Torah, the Garden of Eden is before him; and one who does not observe it, behold, Gehenna. Indeed, the Holy One blessed be He, although He appears to be removing His divine presence from the Temple, “His eyes behold, His eyelids test the sons of man.” Whom does he test? He tests the righteous, as it is stated: “The Lord will test the righteous” (Psalms 11:5). It is with sheepherding. He tested David with flocks and found him a fine shepherd, as it is stated: “He took him from the sheepfolds [mikhleot tzon]” (Psalms 78:70). What are mikhleot tzon? It is like: “The rain was restrained [vayikkaleh]” (Genesis 8:2). He would hold back the large ones [sheep] due to the small ones, and would take out the small ones so they could graze on the soft grass, then the old ones so they could graze on the middling grass, then he would take out the choice ones to graze on the tough grass. The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘One who knows how to herd the flocks, each according to its ability, will come and herd My people.’ That is what is written: “From the suckling ewes He brought him, to herd Jacob His people” (Psalms 78:71). Moses, too, the Holy One blessed be He tested him only with flocks. Our Rabbis say: When Moses, may he rest in peace, was herding Yitro’s flock in the wilderness, a kid fled from him. He pursued it until it reached cover. Once it reached cover, it happened upon a pool of water, and the kid stopped to drink. When Moses reached it, he said: ‘I didn’t know that you were running due to thirst. You are tired.’ He carried it on his shoulder and was walking. The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘You have the compassion to behave with the flocks belonging to flesh and blood in this manner; by your life, you will herd My flock, Israel.’ That is: “Moses was herding.”
Another matter, “Moses was herding” – that is what is written: “Every word of God is pure” (Proverbs 30:5); the Holy One blessed be He does not bestow greatness upon a person until He tests them with a minor matter, and only then does He elevate him to prominence. There were two preeminently great ones whom the Holy One blessed be He tested with a minor matter, and they were found trustworthy and He elevated them to prominence. He tested David with the flocks, and he led them only to the wilderness to distance them from robbery, as Eliav4David’s older brother. said to David: “With whom did you leave those few sheep in the wilderness?” (I Samuel 17:28). This teaches that David observed [the halakha cited in] the mishna (Bava Kamma 79a–79b): One may not raise a small domesticated animal in the Land of Israel.5For that reason David shepherded his flock in the wilderness. The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘You have been found trustworthy with the flocks, come and herd My flock,’ as it is stated: “From the suckling ewes He brought him” (Psalms 78:71). Likewise, regarding Moses it says: “He led the flock deep into the wilderness,” to remove them from theft [by grazing in fields belonging to others], and the Holy One blessed be He took him to herd Israel, as it is stated: “You led Your people like a flock in the hand of Moses and Aaron” (Psalms 77:21).
Another interpretation: “Moses was [haya].” Everyone in whose regard haya is written, was fated for this [for what follows]: “Behold, the man has become [haya] [like one of us, knowing good and bad, what if he should extend his hand and take also from the tree of life and eat, and live forever?]” (Genesis 3:22); death was fated to come to the world, as it is stated: “With darkness upon the surface of the deep” (Genesis 1:2) – that is death, which darkens the faces of the people. “The serpent was [haya] … cunning” (Genesis 3:1); he was fated for punishment. Regarding Noah it is written: “…was [haya] faultless” (Genesis 6:9); he was fated for salvation. Regarding Joseph it is written: “Joseph was [haya]” (Exodus 1:5); he was fated to [provide] sustenance. Regarding Mordekhai it is written: “There was [haya] a Jewish man” (Esther 2:5); he was fated to [bring] deliverance; and Moses, to [bring] salvation. From their original creation they were fated for this. “And he led the flock into the wilderness [midbar].” Rabbi Yehoshua said: Why did he seek the wilderness? It is because he saw that Israel would come up from the wilderness, as it is stated: “Who is this coming up from the wilderness” (Song of Songs 3:6). For it was from the wilderness that they had the manna, the quail, the well, the Tabernacle, the Divine Presence, priesthood, kingship, and the clouds of glory. Alternatively, the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘You are destined to take Israel up from Egypt due to the merit of he with whom I spoke [dibbarti] between the pieces, that is Abraham.’ And midbar means nothing but speech [dibbur], as it is stated: “Your mouth [umidbarekh] is lovely” (Song of Songs 4:3). Rabbi Levi said: The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘This is a sign for you, you will leave them in the wilderness, and from the wilderness you are destined to restore them in the future, as it is stated: “Therefore, I will allure her and I will lead her into the wilderness” (Hosea 2:16). Alternatively, why did he seek the wilderness? It is because he saw that he was destined to destroy the cities of the nations of the world, as it is written; “The end of the nations will be a wilderness, a dry land, and a desert” (Jeremiah 50:12). Another interpretation: “And he led the flock into the wilderness” – He informed him that Israel, which is called a flock, will die in the wilderness. Likewise, when Moses entreated [God for] Israel’s needs, 6The exchange between Moses and God that follows is based on Song of Songs 1:7–8: “Tell me, You whom my soul loves, where do You shepherd, where do You rest them at noon? For why should I be like one who veils herself by the flocks of Your companions? If you do not know, the fairest among women, go you out after the sheep and shepherd your kids, by the tents of the shepherds.” he said to him: ‘O Holy One blessed be He, “tell me, He whom my soul loves…” (Song of Songs 1:7) – how many birth mothers are among them, how many pregnant women, how many wet nurses have you provided for the babies, how many delicacies have you prepared for the pregnant women?’ The Holy One blessed be He responded to him: “If you do not know” (Song of Songs 1:8); if you do not know, ultimately you will know. “Go out in the footsteps of the flock”; in other words, you will herd the sheep and the lambs , but you will only herd the offspring, “by the tents of the shepherds;” in the land of Siḥon, .7Moses will only lead the second generation in the conquest of the lands on the eastern side of the Jordan, he but will not lead them into the Land. “…he arrived at the mountain of God, to Ḥorev.” It has five names: “The mountain of God, Mount Bashan, Mount Gavnunim” (Psalms 68:16), Mount Ḥorev, Mount Sinai. The mountain of God – because it was there that Israel accepted the Holy One blessed be He as their God. Mount Bashan – as everything that a person eats with his teeth [beshinav] is thanks to the Torah that was given on the mountain. Likewise it says: “If you follow My statutes…I will provide your rains in their seasons” (Leviticus 26:3–4).8Agricultural prosperity will depend upon keeping the Torah. Mount Gavnunim – it is as pure as cheese [gevina],9Cheese is pure in that it can be made only from the milk of kosher animals. Mount Sinai was pure, as there was never idol worship there. and they were pure without blemish.10The midrash is alluding to a tradition that all of the physical blemishes of Israel were healed when they received the Torah at Mount Sinai. Mount Ḥorev – from it, the Sanhedrin received license to execute with the sword [ḥerev]. Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said: It was from there that idolaters received their death sentence, as it is stated: “The nations will be destroyed [ḥarov yeḥeravu]” (Isaiah 60:12) – from Ḥorev they will be destroyed. Mount Sinai – from which hatred [sina] for idolaters descended.11This is because they refused to accept the Torah.
“An angel of the Lord appeared to him in a flame of fire from the midst of the bush. He looked, and behold, the bush burned with fire, but the bush was not consumed” (Exodus 3:2). “An angel of the Lord appeared to him” – that is what is written: “I am asleep, but my heart is awake” (Song of Songs 5:2). I am asleep from the mitzvot, but my heart is awake to perform them. “My perfect one [tamati]” (Song of Songs 5:2) at Sinai, as they had perfect faith [shenitamemu] with Me at Sinai, and they said: “Everything that the Lord spoke, we will do and we will obey” (Exodus 24:7). Rabbi Yannai said: Just as it is with twins [teomim], if the head of one hurts, the other feels it, so too, the Holy One blessed be He said, as it were: “I will be with him in trouble” (Psalms 91:15). Alternatively: What is: “I will be with him in trouble?” When they have trouble they call out only to the Holy One blessed be He. In Egypt – “their cry came up to God” (Exodus 2:23); at the sea – “and the children of Israel cried to the Lord” (Exodus 14:10), and many others like that. And it says: “In all their trouble, He was troubled” (Isaiah 63:9). The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘Don’t you sense that I am suffering just as Israel is suffering? Know that from the place that I am speaking with you, from the thorns, as it were, I am party to their suffering.’ “An angel of the Lord appeared.” Rabbi Yoḥanan said: That is Michael. Rabbi Ḥanina said: That is Gabriel. [Regarding] Rabbi Yosei the tall, everywhere that they would see him, they would say: ‘Here is our saintly rabbi.’12Rabbi Yosei was an attendant of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi. Similarly, everywhere that Michael appears, there is the glory of the Divine Presence. “To him” – what is “to him?” It teaches that there were people with him and they did not see, only Moses alone. As it is written regarding Daniel: “I, Daniel, alone, saw the vision” (Daniel 10:7). “In a flame [belabat] of fire” – to give him courage [lelabevo], so that when he arrives at Sinai and sees those fires, he will not fear them. Alternatively, belabat esh, from two thirds of the bush and above, just as the heart [lev] is placed at two thirds of the person and above. “From the midst of the bush” – a gentile asked Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa: ‘What did the Holy One blessed be He see that led Him to speak with Moses from the midst of the bush?’ He said to him: ‘Had he spoken to him from a carob tree or a sycamore tree, would you ask me the same? However, to dismiss you outright is impossible. Why from the midst of the bush? It is to teach you that there is no place that is vacant of the Divine Presence, even a bush.’ “In a flame of fire” – initially, only one angel descended, which stood in the center of the fire, and then the Divine Presence descended and spoke with him “from the midst of the bush”13In Exodus 3:2 it says: “He saw an angel of the Lord in a flame of fire in the midst of the bush” and then in verse 4 it says: “God called him from the midst of the bush.” (Exodus 3:4). Rabbi Eliezer says: Just as a bush is the lowliest of all the trees in the world, so too, Israel was lowly and humble to the Egyptians; therefore, the Holy One blessed be He appeared to them and redeemed them, as it is stated: “I came down to deliver them from the hand of Egypt” (Exodus 3:8). Rabbi Yosei says: Just as the bush is the harshest of all the trees, and any bird that enters the bush does not emerge from it unharmed, so too, the enslavement in Egypt was the harshest of all the enslavements in the world before the Omnipresent, as it is stated: “The Lord said: I have seen [ra’o ra’iti] the affliction of My people” (Exodus 3:7). Why does the verse state ra’o ra’iti twice?14The question is based on the doubled verb, combining the absolute infinitive ra’o with the first person past tense ra’iti, meaning ‘I have seen.’This formulation is common in Biblical Hebrew and is often understood to indicate emphasis. In any case, the midrash takes the opportunity to expound upon the double verb. It is because after they would drown them [the Hebrew children] in the river they would then crush them under the construction. This is analogous to one who took a rod and struck two people and both of them receive the lash and know its pain.15 It is as if God also feels the pain of Israel. So too, the pain and enslavement of Israel was revealed before the One Who spoke and the world came into being, as it is stated: “As I know its pains” (ibid.). Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Just as this bush, one makes it into a fence for a garden, so too, Israel is a fence for the world. Alternatively: Just as this bush grows on any water,16It grows both from rainwater and irrigation. so too Israel grows only due to the merit of the Torah, which is characterized as water, as it is stated: “Ho, everyone who thirsts, go to the water” (Isaiah 55:1). Another matter: Just as this bush grows in a garden and by a river, so too, Israel is in this world and in the World to Come. Alternatively, just as the bush produces thorns and produces roses, so too, in Israel there are both righteous and wicked. Rabbi Pinḥas the priest, son of Rabbi Ḥama said: Just as the bush, when one inserts his hand into it, one doesn’t feel anything, but when one removes it, it is scratched, so too, when Israel descended to Egypt, no creature knew them, but when they emerged, they emerged “with signs, with wonders, and with war” (Deuteronomy 4:34). Rabbi Yehuda bar Shalom said: Just as the bush, when a bird enters it he doesn’t feel it and when it emerges, its wings are plucked, so too, when Abraham descended to Egypt, no creature knew him, and when he emerged: “The Lord plagued Pharaoh” (Genesis 12:17). Another matter: “From the midst of the bush” – Rabbi Naḥman, the son of Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman says: All trees – some of them produce one leaf, some two or three. The myrtle produces three, as it is called: “a leafy tree” (Leviticus 23:40); however, the bush has five leaves. the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: Israel is redeemed only due to the merit of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and your merit and the merit of Aaron. Alternatively, “from the midst of the bush [hasneh]” – He alluded to him [to Moses] that he would live one hundred and twenty years, corresponding to the numerical value of hasneh.17Heh – 5, samekh – 60, nun – 50, heh – 5 = 120. “He looked, and behold, the bush burned with fire.” From here they say that heavenly fire generates rays of light and burns but does not consume,18It burns without consuming fuel. and it is black. Earthly fire does not produce light rays, it is red, and it consumes but does not burn. Why did the Holy One blessed be He show Moses this matter? It is because he was contemplating in his heart and saying: Perhaps the Egyptians will eradicate Israel; therefore, the Holy One blessed be He showed him a burning fire that is not consumed. He said to him: ‘Just as the bush burns in fire but is not consumed, so too, the Egyptians will be unable to eradicate Israel.’ Another matter: Because the Holy One blessed be He [wanted to] speak with Moses, but he [Moses] did not want to interrupt his work [of shepherding], He showed him this thing so that he would turn his head and see, and He could speak with him, as you find initially: “An angel of the Lord appeared to him,” and Moses did not go. Once he stopped working he went to see, immediately: “God called to him” (Exodus 3:4).
“Moses said: I will turn now, and see this great sight; why will the bush not burn?” (Exodus 3:3). “Moses said: I will turn [asura] now and see.” Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Moses took five steps at that moment, as it is stated: “I will turn [asura]19It should have said asur. The numerical value of the additional heh alludes to the five steps that Moses took. now and see.” Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said: He turned around and looked, as it is stated: “The Lord saw that he had turned to see” (Exodus 3:4). Once he looked at it, the Holy One blessed be He said: ‘He is suitable to shepherd Israel.’ “The Lord saw that he turned to see, and God called to him from the midst of the bush and He said: ‘Moses, Moses.’ He said: ‘Here I am’” (Exodus 3:4). Rabbi Yitzḥak said: What is “that he had turned [sar] to see?” The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘This one is depressed and upset [sar veza’ef]20An allusion to I Kings 20:43, 21:4. over seeing Israel’s suffering in Egypt; therefore, he is suitable to be their shepherd. Immediately, “God called to him from the midst of the bush.” “He said: ‘Moses Moses.’” You find in “Abraham, Abraham” (Genesis 22:11), there is a pasek21A biblical cantillation sign connoting a break between the two names. between them; “Jacob, Jacob” (Genesis 46:2), there is a pasek between them; “Samuel, Samuel” (I Samuel 3:10), there is a pasek between them. However, “Moses Moses,” there is no pasek between them. Why is it so? This is analogous to a person who placed upon himself a great burden, and calls: So-and-so so-and-so, my dear, unload this burden from me.22Due to the urgency of the matter he calls without pausing. Alternatively, with all the prophets, He ceased speaking with them; however, with Moses, He did not cease all his days. Rabbi Shimon bar Yoḥai taught: What is “Moses Moses?” It is an expression of fondness and encouragement. Alternatively: “Moses Moses” – it is he who taught Torah in this world, and he is destined to teach in the World to Come, as Israel is destined to go to Abraham and say to him: ‘Teach us Torah.’ He will say: ‘Go to Isaac, who studied more than I did,’ and Isaac will say: ‘Go to Jacob, who attended [to his teachers] more than I did;’ and Jacob will say to them: ‘Go to Moses, who learned it from the mouth of the Holy One blessed be He.’ That is what is written: “They will go from strength to strength, they will appear to God [Elohim] in Zion” (Psalms 84:8), and elohim is in fact Moses, as it is stated: “See I have placed you as elohim to Pharaoh” (Exodus 7:1). Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said: Anyone whose name is doubled is in two worlds.23This world and the world-to-come. “He said: Do not draw near; remove your shoes from your feet, for the place upon which you are standing is holy ground” (Exodus 3:5). “He said: Here I am” (Exodus 3:4) – here I am for priesthood and kingship. The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘You are standing in the place of the pillar of the world: Abraham said: “I am here” (Genesis 22:1), and you said: “I am here.”’ Moses asked that priests and kings emerge from him. The Holy One blessed be He said to him: “Do not draw [tikrav] near [halom]” – meaning, your descendants will not be sacrificing [makrivin], as the priesthood is fated for Aaron your brother. Halom – this is kingship, as it is said: “That you have brought me [King David] to this point [halom]” (II Samuel 7:18), and it says: “Has a man [Saul] come here [halom] yet?” (I Samuel 10:22). The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘Kingdom is fated for David.’ Nevertheless, Moses received both of them. Priesthood, as he served during the seven days of inauguration; kingdom, as it is written: “There was a king in Yeshurun” (Deuteronomy 33:5). “Remove your shoes” – any place that the Divine Presence reveals itself, wearing shoes is prohibited. Thus with Joshua: “Remove your shoes” (Joshua 5:15). And thus the priests served in the Temple only barefoot.
וּמשֶׁה הָיָה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים קג, ז): יוֹדִיעַ דְּרָכָיו לְמשֶׁה לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל עֲלִילוֹתָיו, בָּשָׂר וָדָם מִדּוֹתָיו וַעֲלִילוֹתָיו מְעֻוָּתוֹת הֵן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כב, יד): וְשָׂם לָהּ עֲלִילֹת דְּבָרִים, אֲבָל מִדּוֹתָיו וַעֲלִילוֹתָיו שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא רַחְמָנִיּוֹת הֵן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קג, ח): רַחוּם וְחַנּוּן ה'. וְאוֹתָן מִדּוֹת הוֹדִיעַ לְמשֶׁה, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ (שמות לג, יג): הוֹדִיעֵנִי נָא אֶת דְּרָכֶךָ, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא (שמות לג, יט): וְחַנֹּתִי אֶת אֲשֶׁר אָחֹן, הֱוֵי: רַחוּם וְחַנּוּן ה', יוֹדִיעַ דְּרָכָיו לְמשֶׁה, שֶׁהוֹדִיעַ דֶּרֶךְ הַקֵּץ לְמשֶׁה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וּמשֶׁה הָיָה רֹעֶה. לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל עֲלִילוֹתָיו, שֶׁעָשָׂה עֲלִילוֹת בְּמִצְרַיִם כְּדֵי שֶׁיְסַפְּרוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל עֲלִילוֹתָיו שֶׁעָשָׂה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמִצְרַיִם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמות י, ב): וּלְמַעַן תְּסַפֵּר בְּאָזְנֵי בִנְךָ, רַחוּם, שֶׁרִחֵם עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְלֹא נָגְעוּ בָהֶן הַמַּכּוֹת. וְחַנּוּן, שֶׁנָּתַן חֵן הָעָם בְּעֵינֵי מִצְרָיִם. (תהלים פו, טו): אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם, שֶׁהֶאֱרִיךְ אַף עִמָּהֶם, שֶׁהוּא מַטֶּה כְּלַפֵּי חֶסֶד, וְנִסְתַּכֵּל בַּטּוֹב וְלֹא בָרַע שֶׁהָיוּ עֲתִידִים לַעֲשׂוֹת.
“Moses was herding the flock of his father-in-law Yitro, the priest of Midyan, and he led the flock into the wilderness, and he arrived at the mountain of God, to Ḥorev” (Exodus 3:1).
“Moses was” – that is what is written: “He makes known to Moses His ways, His deeds [alilotav] to the children of Israel” (Psalms 103:7). The attributes and deeds of flesh and blood are distorted, as it is stated: “He pressed false charges against her” (Deuteronomy 22:14). However, the attributes and deeds of the Holy One blessed be He are merciful, as it is stated: “The Lord is compassionate and gracious” (Psalms 103:8). He made known to Moses those attributes at the moment that he [Moses] said to Him: “Please make known to me Your ways” (Exodus 33:13). The Holy One blessed be He said to him: “I will be gracious to whom I will be gracious” (Exodus 33:19). That is, “the Lord is compassionate and gracious.”
“He makes known to Moses His ways…” – He made known to Moses the path to the culmination [the redemption], as it is stated: “Moses was herding.1God informed Moses of the path to the culmination of the Egyptian exile when He appeared to him as he was herding the flock.” “…His deeds [alilotav] to the children of Israel” – He performed His deeds in Egypt so that Israel would relate the deeds that the Holy One blessed be He did to Egypt. That is what is written: “So that you relate in the ears of your sons […what I wrought [hitallalti] upon Egypt]” (Exodus 10:2). “Compassionate” – He had compassion on Israel and the plagues did not touch them. “And gracious” – that they found grace in the eyes of Egypt. “Forbearing” (Psalms 103:8) – He was forbearing with them, as He tilts the scales in favor of kindness, and He looked to the good and not to the evil that they were destined to perform.
וּמשֶׁה הָיָה רֹעֶה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (חבקוק ב, כ): וַה' בְּהֵיכַל קָדְשׁוֹ, אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן עַד שֶׁלֹא חָרַב בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הָיְתָה שְׁכִינָה שׁוֹרָה בְּתוֹכוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים יא, ד): ה' בְּהֵיכַל קָדְשׁוֹ, וּמִשֶּׁחָרַב בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ נִסְתַּלְּקָה הַשְּׁכִינָה לַשָּׁמַיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קג, יט): ה' בַּשָּׁמַיִם הֵכִין כִּסְאוֹ. רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אוֹמֵר לֹא זָזָה הַשְּׁכִינָה מִתּוֹךְ הַהֵיכָל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברי הימים ב ז, טז): וְהָיוּ עֵינַי וְלִבִּי שָׁם וגו'. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (תהלים ג, ה): קוֹלִי אֶל ה' אֶקְרָא וַיַּעֲנֵנִי מֵהַר קָדְשׁוֹ סֶלָּה, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא חָרֵב הֲרֵי הוּא בִּקְדֻשָּׁתוֹ, בּוֹא וּרְאֵה מַה כּוֹרֶשׁ אוֹמֵר (עזרא א, ג): הוּא הָאֱלֹהִים אֲשֶׁר בִּיְרוּשָׁלָיִם, אָמַר לָהֶן אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא חָרֵב הָאֱלֹהִים אֵינוֹ זָז מִשָּׁם. אָמַר רַב אַחָא, לְעוֹלָם אֵין הַשְּׁכִינָה זָזָה מִכֹּתֶל מַעֲרָבִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שיר השירים ב, ט): הִנֵּה זֶה עוֹמֵד אַחַר כָּתְלֵנוּ, וּכְתִיב (תהלים יא, ד): עֵינָיו יֶחֱזוּ עַפְעַפָּיו יִבְחֲנוּ בְּנֵי אָדָם, אָמַר רַבִּי יַנַּאי אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁשְּׁכִינָתוֹ בַּשָּׁמַיִם עֵינָיו יֶחֱזוּ עַפְעַפָּיו יִבְחֲנוּ בְּנֵי אָדָם, מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ פַּרְדֵּס וּבָנָה בוֹ מִגְדָּל גָּבוֹהַּ וְצִוָּה הַמֶּלֶךְ שֶׁיִּתְּנוּ לְתוֹכוֹ פּוֹעֲלִים שֶׁיִּהְיוּ עוֹסְקִים בִּמְלַאכְתּוֹ, אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ כָּל מִי שֶׁמִּתְכַּשֵּׁר בִּמְלַאכְתּוֹ יִטֹּל שְׂכָרוֹ מִשָּׁלֵם, וְכָל מִי שֶׁמִּתְעַצֵּל בִּמְלַאכְתּוֹ יִנָּתֵן בְּדִימוֹס. הַמֶּלֶךְ, זֶה מַלְכֵי הַמְּלָכִים, וְהַפַּרְדֵּס, זֶה הָעוֹלָם שֶׁנָּתַן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְיִשְׂרָאֵל בְּתוֹכוֹ לִשְׁמֹר הַתּוֹרָה, וְהִתְנָה עִמָּהֶם וְאָמַר, מִי שֶׁהוּא שׁוֹמֵר אֶת הַתּוֹרָה הֲרֵי גַּן עֵדֶן לְפָנָיו, וּמִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְשַׁמְּרָהּ, הֲרֵי גֵּיהִנֹּם. אַף הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא נִרְאֶה כִּמְסַלֵּק שְׁכִינָתוֹ מִבֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, עֵינָיו יֶחֱזוּ עַפְעַפָּיו יִבְחֲנוּ בְּנֵי אָדָם, וּלְמִי בּוֹחֵן, לַצַּדִּיק, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים יא, ה): ה' צַדִּיק יִבְחָן, [במה הוא בוחנו], בְּמִרְעֵה צֹאן. בָּדַק לְדָוִד בַּצֹּאן וּמְצָאוֹ רוֹעֶה יָפֶה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים עח, ע): וַיִּקָּחֵהוּ מִמִּכְלְאֹת צֹאן, מַהוּ מִמִּכְלְאֹת צֹאן, כְּמוֹ (בראשית ח, ב): וַיִּכָּלֵא הַגֶּשֶׁם, הָיָה מוֹנֵעַ הַגְּדוֹלִים מִפְּנֵי הַקְּטַנִּים, וְהָיָה מוֹצִיא הַקְּטַנִּים לִרְעוֹת, כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּרְעוּ עֵשֶׂב הָרַךְ, וְאַחַר כָּךְ מוֹצִיא הַזְּקֵנִים כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּרְעוּ עֵשֶׂב הַבֵּינוֹנִית, וְאַחַר כָּךְ מוֹצִיא הַבַּחוּרִים שֶׁיִּהְיוּ אוֹכְלִין עֵשֶׂב הַקָּשֶׁה. אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, מִי שֶׁהוּא יוֹדֵעַ לִרְעוֹת הַצֹּאן אִישׁ לְפִי כֹחוֹ, יָבֹא וְיִרְעֶה בְּעַמִּי. הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים עח, עא): מֵאַחַר עָלוֹת הֱבִיאוֹ לִרְעוֹת בְּיַעֲקֹב עַמּוֹ. וְאַף משֶׁה לֹא בְחָנוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֶלָּא בַּצֹּאן, אָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ, כְּשֶׁהָיָה משֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ עָלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם רוֹעֶה צֹאנוֹ שֶׁל יִתְרוֹ בַּמִּדְבָּר, בָּרַח מִמֶּנּוּ גְּדִי, וְרָץ אַחֲרָיו עַד שֶׁהִגִּיעַ לַחֲסִית, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִגִּיעַ לַחֲסִית, נִזְדַּמְּנָה לוֹ בְּרֵכָה שֶׁל מַיִם, וְעָמַד הַגְּדִי לִשְׁתּוֹת, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִגִּיעַ משֶׁה אֶצְלוֹ, אָמַר אֲנִי לֹא הָיִיתִי יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁרָץ הָיִיתָ מִפְּנֵי צָמָא, עָיֵף אַתָּה, הִרְכִּיבוֹ עַל כְּתֵפוֹ וְהָיָה מְהַלֵּךְ. אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, יֵשׁ לְךָ רַחֲמִים לִנְהֹג צֹאנוֹ שֶׁל בָּשָׂר וָדָם כָּךְ חַיֶּיךָ אַתָּה תִרְעֶה צֹאנִי יִשְׂרָאֵל, הֱוֵי: וּמשֶׁה הָיָה רוֹעֶה.
“Moses was herding” – that is what is written: “God was in His sacred Sanctuary” (Habakkuk 2:20). Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said: Until the Temple was destroyed, the Divine Presence rested in it, as it is stated: “God was in His sacred Sanctuary” (Psalms 11:4). When the Temple was destroyed, the Divine Presence removed itself to the heavens, as it is stated: “The Lord established His throne in the heavens” (Psalms 103:19). It is with sheepherding.
Rabbi Elazar says: The Divine Presence did not move from the Sanctuary, as it is stated: “My eyes and My heart will be there…” (II Chronicles 7:16); and likewise it says: “I will call to the Lord with my voice, and He answered me from his sacred mountain, Selah” (Psalms 3:5). Even though it is in ruins, it retains its sanctity; come and see what Cyrus says: “He is the God who is in Jerusalem” (Ezra 1:3). He [Cyrus] said to them: ‘Even though it is in ruins, God does not move from there.’
Rabbi Aḥa said: The Divine Presence never moves from the western wall,2The reference may be to the western wall of the Temple, not what is now known as the Western Wall, which is the western retaining wall of the Temple Mount. as it is stated: “Behold, he is standing behind our wall” (Song of Songs 2:9), and it is written: “His eyes behold, His eyelids assess the sons of man“ (Psalms 11:4). Rabbi Yannai said: Even though His Presence is in the heavens, “His eyes behold, His eyelids test the sons of man.” This is analogous to a king who had an orchard and built a tall tower in it; the king commanded laborers into it, to engage in his labor. The king said: Anyone who is industrious in his labor will receive his payment in full, and anyone who is indolent in his labor will be placed in prison.3The Hebrew is dimos, which is obscure. Some suggest it means to be placed in a state of terror. The king – that is the King of kings; the orchard – that is the world that the Holy One blessed be He gave to Israel in which to observe the Torah. He stipulated to them, saying: One who observes the Torah, the Garden of Eden is before him; and one who does not observe it, behold, Gehenna.
Indeed, the Holy One blessed be He, although He appears to be removing His divine presence from the Temple, “His eyes behold, His eyelids test the sons of man.” Whom does he test? He tests the righteous, as it is stated: “The Lord will test the righteous” (Psalms 11:5).
He tested David with flocks and found him a fine shepherd, as it is stated: “He took him from the sheepfolds [mikhleot tzon]” (Psalms 78:70). What are mikhleot tzon? It is like: “The rain was restrained [vayikkaleh]” (Genesis 8:2). He would hold back the large ones [sheep] due to the small ones, and would take out the small ones so they could graze on the soft grass, then the old ones so they could graze on the middling grass, then he would take out the choice ones to graze on the tough grass. The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘One who knows how to herd the flocks, each according to its ability, will come and herd My people.’ That is what is written: “From the suckling ewes He brought him, to herd Jacob His people” (Psalms 78:71).
Moses, too, the Holy One blessed be He tested him only with flocks. Our Rabbis say: When Moses, may he rest in peace, was herding Yitro’s flock in the wilderness, a kid fled from him. He pursued it until it reached cover. Once it reached cover, it happened upon a pool of water, and the kid stopped to drink. When Moses reached it, he said: ‘I didn’t know that you were running due to thirst. You are tired.’ He carried it on his shoulder and was walking. The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘You have the compassion to behave with the flocks belonging to flesh and blood in this manner; by your life, you will herd My flock, Israel.’ That is: “Moses was herding.”
דָּבָר אַחֵר, וּמשֶׁה הָיָה רֹעֶה, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (משלי ל, ה): כָּל אִמְרַת אֱלוֹהַּ צְרוּפָה, אֵין הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נוֹתֵן גְּדֻלָּה לָאָדָם עַד שֶׁבּוֹדְקֵהוּ בְּדָבָר קָטָן, וְאַחַר כָּךְ מַעֲלֵהוּ לִגְדֻלָּה, הֲרֵי לְךָ שְׁנֵי גְדוֹלֵי עוֹלָם שֶׁבְּדָקָן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּדָבָר קָטָן וְנִמְצְאוּ נֶאֱמָנִים וְהֶעֱלָן לִגְדֻלָּה, בָּדַק לְדָוִד בַּצֹּאן וְלֹא נְהָגָם אֶלָא בַּמִּדְבָּר לְהַרְחִיקָם מִן הַגָּזֵל, שֶׁכֵּן אֱלִיאָב אוֹמֵר לְדָוִד (שמואל א יז, כח): וְעַל מִי נָטַשְׁתָּ מְעַט הַצֹּאן הָהֵנָה בַּמִּדְבָּר, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהָיָה דָּוִד מְקַיֵּם הַמִּשְׁנָה (גמרא בבא קמא עט-ב): אֵין מְגַדְּלִין בְּהֵמָה דַקָּה בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל. אָמַר לֵיהּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נִמְצָא אַתָּה נֶאֱמָן בַּצֹּאן, בּוֹא וּרְעֵה צֹאנִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים עח, עא): מֵאַחַר עָלוֹת הֱבִיאוֹ, וְכֵן בְּמשֶׁה הוּא אוֹמֵר (שמות ג, א): וַיִּנְהַג אֶת הַצֹּאן אַחַר הַמִּדְבָּר, לְהוֹצִיאָן מִן הַגָּזֵל, וּלְקָחוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לִרְעוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים עז, כא): נָחִיתָ כַצֹּאן עַמֶּךָ בְּיַד משֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן.
Another matter, “Moses was herding” – that is what is written: “Every word of God is pure” (Proverbs 30:5); the Holy One blessed be He does not bestow greatness upon a person until He tests them with a minor matter, and only then does He elevate him to prominence. There were two preeminently great ones whom the Holy One blessed be He tested with a minor matter, and they were found trustworthy and He elevated them to prominence.
He tested David with the flocks, and he led them only to the wilderness to distance them from robbery, as Eliav4David’s older brother. said to David: “With whom did you leave those few sheep in the wilderness?” (I Samuel 17:28). This teaches that David observed [the halakha cited in] the mishna (Bava Kamma 79a–79b): One may not raise a small domesticated animal in the Land of Israel.5For that reason David shepherded his flock in the wilderness. The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘You have been found trustworthy with the flocks, come and herd My flock,’ as it is stated: “From the suckling ewes He brought him” (Psalms 78:71).
Likewise, regarding Moses it says: “He led the flock deep into the wilderness,” to remove them from theft [by grazing in fields belonging to others], and the Holy One blessed be He took him to herd Israel, as it is stated: “You led Your people like a flock in the hand of Moses and Aaron” (Psalms 77:21).
דָּבָר אַחֵר, וּמשֶׁה הָיָה, כָּל מִי שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ הָיָה, מְתוּקָן לְכָךְ, (בראשית ג, כב): הֵן הָאָדָם הָיָה, מְתֻקֶּנֶת הָיְתָה הַמִּיתָה לָבוֹא לָעוֹלָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית א, ב): וְחשֶׁךְ עַל פְּנֵי תְהוֹם, זוֹ מִיתָה, שֶׁמַּחְשִׁיךְ פְּנֵי הַבְּרִיּוֹת. (בראשית ג, א): וְהַנָּחָשׁ הָיָה עָרוּם, מְתֻקָּן לְפֻרְעָנֻיּוֹת הָיָה. בְּנֹחַ כְּתִיב (בראשית ו, ט): תָּמִים הָיָה, מְתֻקָּן לִגְאֻלָּה. בְּיוֹסֵף כְּתִיב (שמות א, ה): וְיוֹסֵף הָיָה, מְתֻקָּן לְפַרְנָסָה. בְּמָרְדְּכַי כְּתִיב (אסתר ב, ה): אִישׁ יְהוּדִי הָיָה, מְתֻקָּן לְהַצָּלָה. וּמשֶׁה לִגְאֻלָּה. מִתְּחִלַּת בְּרִיָּתָם נִתְקְנוּ לְכָךְ. וַיִּנְהַג אֶת הַצֹּאן אַחַר הַמִּדְבָּר, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, לָמָּה הָיָה רוֹדֵף לַמִּדְבָּר, לְפִי שֶׁרָאָה שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל נִתְעַלּוּ מִן הַמִּדְבָּר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שיר השירים ג, ו): מִי זֹאת עֹלָה מִן הַמִּדְבָּר, שֶׁהָיָה לָהֶם מִן הַמִּדְבָּר, הַמָּן, וְהַשְֹּׂלָו, וְהַבְּאֵר, וְהַמִּשְׁכָּן, וְהַשְּׁכִינָה, כְּהֻנָּה, וּמַלְכוּת, וְעַנְנֵי כָבוֹד. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה אַתָּה עָתִיד לְהַעֲלוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרַיִם בִּזְכוּת מִי שֶׁדִּבַּרְתִּי עִמּוֹ בֵּין הַבְּתָרִים, זֶה אַבְרָהָם, וְאֵין מִדְבָּר אֶלָּא דִּבּוּר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שיר השירים ד, ג): וּמִדְבָּרֵךְ נָאוֶה. וְאָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה, סִימָן זֶה לְךָ, בַּמִּדְבָּר אַתָּה מַנִּיחָן וּמִן הַמִּדְבָּר אַתָּה עָתִיד לְהַחֲזִירָן לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (הושע ב, טז): לָכֵן הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי מְפַתֶּיהָ וְהֹלַכְתִּיהָ הַמִּדְבָּר. דָּבָר אַחֵר, לָמָּה הָיָה רוֹדֵף לַמִּדְבָּר, שֶׁצָּפָה שֶׁהוּא עָתִיד לְהַחֲרִיב כְּרַכֵּי אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם, כְּמָה דִכְתִיב (ירמיה נ, יב): הִנֵּה אַחֲרִית גּוֹיִם מִדְבָּר צִיָּה וַעֲרָבָה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַיִּנְהַג אֶת הַצֹּאן אַחַר הַמִּדְבָּר, בִּשְֹּׂרוֹ שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל הַקְּרוּיִים צֹאן יָמוּתוּ בַּמִּדְבָּר. וְכֵן בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁתָּבַע משֶׁה צָרְכֵיהֶן שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא (שיר השירים א, ז): הַגִּידָה לִי שֶׁאָהֲבָה נַפְשִׁי וגו', כַּמָּה חַיּוֹת בָּהֶן, כַּמָּה מְעֻבָּרוֹת, כַּמָּה מֵינִיקוֹת הִתְקַנְתָּ לַתִּינוֹקוֹת, כַּמָּה רִיכּוּכִין הִתְקַנְתָּ לַמְעֻבָּרוֹת. הֵשִׁיבוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא (שיר השירים א, ח): אִם לֹא תֵדְעִי לָךְ, אִם לֹא יָדַעְתָּ סוֹפְךָ לֵידַע, (שיר השירים א, ח): צְאִי לָךְ בְּעִקְבֵי הַצֹּאן, כְּלוֹמַר הַצֹּאן וְהַגְּדָיִים אַתָּה רוֹעֶה [כלומר האבות ימותו במדבר והבנים נכנסים], וְאֵין אַתָּה רוֹעֶה הַבָּנִים, אֶלָּא (שיר השירים א, ח): עַל מִשְׁכְּנוֹת הָרֹעִים, בְּאֶרֶץ סִיחוֹן [שלא תכנס משם והלאה]. וַיָּבֹא אֶל הַר הָאֱלֹהִים חֹרֵבָה, חֲמִשָׁה שֵׁמוֹת יֵשׁ לוֹ, הַר אֱלֹהִים, הַר בָּשָׁן, הַר גַּבְנֻנִּים, הַר חוֹרֵב, הַר סִינַי. הַר הָאֱלֹהִים, שֶׁשָּׁם קִבְּלוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֱלָהוּתוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. הַר בָּשָׁן, שֶׁכָּל מַה שֶּׁאוֹכֵל אָדָם בְּשִׁנָּיו בִּזְכוּת הַתּוֹרָה שֶׁנִּתְּנָה בָּהָר. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (ויקרא כו, ג ד): אִם בְּחֻקֹּתַי תֵּלֵכוּ וְנָתַתִּי גִּשְׁמֵיכֶם בְּעִתָּם. הַר גַּבְנֻנִּים, נָקִי כַּגְּבִינָה, נְקִיִּים מִכָּל מוּם. הַר חוֹרֵב, שֶׁמִּמֶּנּוּ נָטְלוּ סַנְהֶדְרִין רְשׁוּת לַהֲרֹג בֶּחָרֶב. וְרַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן אָמַר שֶׁמִּשָּׁם נָטְלוּ עוֹבְדֵי גִּלּוּלִים אִפּוֹפְּסִין שֶׁלָהֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה ס, יב): וְהַגּוֹיִם חָרֹב יֶחֱרָבוּ, מֵחוֹרֵב יֶחֱרָבוּ. הַר סִינַי, שֶׁמִּמֶּנּוּ יָרְדָה שִׂנְאָה לְעוֹבְדֵי כּוֹכָבִים.
Another interpretation: “Moses was [haya].” Everyone in whose regard haya is written, was fated for this [for what follows]: “Behold, the man has become [haya] [like one of us, knowing good and bad, what if he should extend his hand and take also from the tree of life and eat, and live forever?]” (Genesis 3:22); death was fated to come to the world, as it is stated: “With darkness upon the surface of the deep” (Genesis 1:2) – that is death, which darkens the faces of the people. “The serpent was [haya] … cunning” (Genesis 3:1); he was fated for punishment. Regarding Noah it is written: “…was [haya] faultless” (Genesis 6:9); he was fated for salvation. Regarding Joseph it is written: “Joseph was [haya]” (Exodus 1:5); he was fated to [provide] sustenance. Regarding Mordekhai it is written: “There was [haya] a Jewish man” (Esther 2:5); he was fated to [bring] deliverance; and Moses, to [bring] salvation. From their original creation they were fated for this., but you will only herd the offspring, “by the tents of the shepherds;” in the land of Siḥon, .7Moses will only lead the second generation in the conquest of the lands on the eastern side of the Jordan, he but will not lead them into the Land.
“And he led the flock into the wilderness [midbar].” Rabbi Yehoshua said: Why did he seek the wilderness? It is because he saw that Israel would come up from the wilderness, as it is stated: “Who is this coming up from the wilderness” (Song of Songs 3:6). For it was from the wilderness that they had the manna, the quail, the well, the Tabernacle, the Divine Presence, priesthood, kingship, and the clouds of glory.
Alternatively, the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘You are destined to take Israel up from Egypt due to the merit of he with whom I spoke [dibbarti] between the pieces, that is Abraham.’ And midbar means nothing but speech [dibbur], as it is stated: “Your mouth [umidbarekh] is lovely” (Song of Songs 4:3). Rabbi Levi said: The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘This is a sign for you, you will leave them in the wilderness, and from the wilderness you are destined to restore them in the future, as it is stated: “Therefore, I will allure her and I will lead her into the wilderness” (Hosea 2:16).
Alternatively, why did he seek the wilderness? It is because he saw that he was destined to destroy the cities of the nations of the world, as it is written; “The end of the nations will be a wilderness, a dry land, and a desert” (Jeremiah 50:12).
Another interpretation: “And he led the flock into the wilderness” – He informed him that Israel, which is called a flock, will die in the wilderness. Likewise, when Moses entreated [God for] Israel’s needs, 6The exchange between Moses and God that follows is based on Song of Songs 1:7–8: “Tell me, You whom my soul loves, where do You shepherd, where do You rest them at noon? For why should I be like one who veils herself by the flocks of Your companions? If you do not know, the fairest among women, go you out after the sheep and shepherd your kids, by the tents of the shepherds.” he said to him: ‘O Holy One blessed be He, “tell me, He whom my soul loves…” (Song of Songs 1:7) – how many birth mothers are among them, how many pregnant women, how many wet nurses have you provided for the babies, how many delicacies have you prepared for the pregnant women?’ The Holy One blessed be He responded to him: “If you do not know” (Song of Songs 1:8); if you do not know, ultimately you will know. “Go out in the footsteps of the flock”; in other words, you will herd the sheep and the lambs
“…he arrived at the mountain of God, to Ḥorev.” It has five names: “The mountain of God, Mount Bashan, Mount Gavnunim” (Psalms 68:16), Mount Ḥorev, Mount Sinai.
The mountain of God – because it was there that Israel accepted the Holy One blessed be He as their God.
Mount Bashan – as everything that a person eats with his teeth [beshinav] is thanks to the Torah that was given on the mountain. Likewise it says: “If you follow My statutes…I will provide your rains in their seasons” (Leviticus 26:3–4).8Agricultural prosperity will depend upon keeping the Torah.
Mount Gavnunim – it is as pure as cheese [gevina],9Cheese is pure in that it can be made only from the milk of kosher animals. Mount Sinai was pure, as there was never idol worship there. and they were pure without blemish.10The midrash is alluding to a tradition that all of the physical blemishes of Israel were healed when they received the Torah at Mount Sinai.
Mount Ḥorev – from it, the Sanhedrin received license to execute with the sword [ḥerev]. Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said: It was from there that idolaters received their death sentence, as it is stated: “The nations will be destroyed [ḥarov yeḥeravu]” (Isaiah 60:12) – from Ḥorev they will be destroyed.
Mount Sinai – from which hatred [sina] for idolaters descended.11This is because they refused to accept the Torah.
וַיֵּרָא מַלְאַךְ ה' אֵלָיו. הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שיר השירים ה, ב): אֲנִי יְשֵׁנָה וְלִבִּי עֵר, אֲנִי יְשֵׁנָה מִן הַמִּצְוֹת, וְלִבִּי עֵר לַעֲשׂוֹתָן. (שיר השירים ה, ב): תַּמָּתִי בְּסִינַי, שֶׁנִּתַּמְּמוּ עִמִּי בְּסִינַי וְאָמְרוּ (שמות כד, ז): כֹּל אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר ה' נַעֲשֶׂה וְנִשְׁמָע. אָמַר רַבִּי יַנַּאי, מַה הַתְּאוֹמִים הַלָּלוּ, אִם חָשַׁשׁ אֶחָד בְּרֹאשׁוֹ חֲבֵרוֹ מַרְגִּישׁ, כֵּן אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כִּבְיָכוֹל (תהלים צא, טו): עִמּוֹ אָנֹכִי בְצָרָה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מַהוּ עִמּוֹ אָנֹכִי בְצָרָה, כְּשֶׁיֵּשׁ לָהֶם צָרָה אֵינָם קוֹרְאִים אֶלָּא לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, בְּמִצְרַיִם, (שמות ב, כג): וַתַּעַל שַׁוְעָתָם אֶל הָאֱלֹהִים. בַּיָּם, (שמות יד, י): וַיִּצְעֲקוּ בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶל ה', וְכָאֵלֶּה רַבִּים. וְאוֹמֵר (ישעיה סג, ט): בְּכָל צָרָתָם לוֹ צָר, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה, אִי אַתָּה מַרְגִּישׁ שֶׁאֲנִי שָׁרוּי בְּצַעַר כְּשֵׁם שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל שְׁרוּיִם בְּצַעַר, הֱוֵי יוֹדֵעַ מִמָּקוֹם שֶׁאֲנִי מְדַבֵּר עִמְּךָ מִתּוֹךְ הַקּוֹצִים כִּבְיָכוֹל אֲנִי שֻׁתָּף בְּצַעֲרָן. וַיֵּרָא מַלְאַךְ ה', רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר זֶה מִיכָאֵל. רַבִּי חֲנִינָא אָמַר זֶה גַּבְרִיאֵל. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הָאָרֹךְ בְּכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁהָיוּ רוֹאִין אוֹתוֹ הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים שָׁם רַבֵּנוּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ, כָּךְ כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁמִּיכָאֵל נִרְאֶה שָׁם הוּא כְּבוֹד הַשְּׁכִינָה. אֵלָיו, מַהוּ אֵלָיו, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהָיוּ אֲנָשִׁים עִמּוֹ וְלֹא רָאוּ אֶלָּא משֶׁה בִּלְבָד. כְּשֵׁם שֶׁכָּתוּב בְּדָנִיֵּאל (דניאל י, ז): וְרָאִיתִי אֲנִי דָנִיֵּאל לְבַדִּי אֶת הַמַּרְאָה. בְּלַבַּת אֵשׁ, לְלַבְּבוֹ כְּשֶׁיָּבוֹא לְסִינַי וְיִרְאֶה אוֹתָן אִשּׁוֹת וְלֹא יִירָא מֵהֶם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, בְּלַבַּת אֵשׁ, מִשְּׁנֵי חֲלָקָיו שֶׁל סְנֶה וּלְמַעְלָה, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהַלֵּב נָתוּן מִשְּׁנֵי חֲלָקָיו שֶׁל אָדָם וּלְמַעְלָה. מִתּוֹךְ הַסְּנֶה, שָׁאַל גּוֹי אֶחָד אֶת רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן קָרְחָה, מָה רָאָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְדַבֵּר עִם משֶׁה מִתּוֹךְ הַסְּנֶה. אָמַר לוֹ אִלּוּ מִתּוֹךְ חָרוּב אוֹ מִתּוֹךְ שִׁקְמָה כָּךְ הָיִיתָ שׁוֹאֲלֵנִי, אֶלָּא לְהוֹצִיאֲךָ חָלָק אִי אֶפְשָׁר, לָמָּה מִתּוֹךְ הַסְּנֶה, לְלַמֶּדְךָ שֶׁאֵין מָקוֹם פָּנוּי בְּלֹא שְׁכִינָה אֲפִלּוּ סְנֶה. בְּלַבַּת אֵשׁ, בַּתְּחִלָּה לֹא יָרַד אֶלָּא מַלְאָךְ אֶחָד שֶׁהָיָה מְמֻצָּע וְעוֹמֵד בְּאֶמְצַע הָאֵשׁ, וְאַחַר כָּךְ יָרְדָה שְׁכִינָה וְדִבְּרָה עִמּוֹ מִתּוֹךְ הַסְּנֶה. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, מָה הַסְּנֶה שָׁפָל מִכָּל הָאִילָנוֹת שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם, כָּךְ הָיוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל שְׁפָלִים וִיְרוּדִים לְמִצְרַיִם, לְפִיכָךְ נִגְלָה עֲלֵיהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ, בָּרוּךְ הוּא וּגְאָלָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ג, ח): וָאֵרֵד לְהַצִּילוֹ מִיַּד מִצְרַיִם. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהַסְּנֶה קָשֶׁה מִכָּל הָאִילָנוֹת, וְכָל עוֹף שֶׁנִּכְנַס לְתוֹךְ הַסְּנֶה אֵין יוֹצֵא בְּשָׁלוֹם, כָּךְ הָיָה שִׁעְבּוּד מִצְרַיִם קָשֶׁה לִפְנֵי הַמָּקוֹם מִכָּל הַשִּׁעְבּוּדִים שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ג, ז): וַיֹּאמֶר ה' רָאֹה רָאִיתִי אֶת עֳנִי עַמִּי, וּמַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר רָאֹה רָאִיתִי שְׁתֵּי פְּעָמִים, אֶלָּא מֵאַחַר שֶׁהָיוּ מַטְבִּיעִין אוֹתָן בַּנָּהָר, הָיוּ חוֹזְרִין וְכוֹבְשִׁין אוֹתָן בַּבִּנְיָן. מָשָׁל לְאֶחָד שֶׁנָּטַל אֶת הַמַּקֵּל וְהִכָּה שְׁנֵי בְּנֵי אָדָם וּשְׁנֵיהֶם קִבְּלוּ אֶת הָרְצוּעָה וְיוֹדְעִים צַעֲרָהּ, כָּךְ הָיָה צַעֲרָן וְשִׁעְבּוּדָן שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל גָּלוּי וְיָדוּעַ לִפְנֵי מִי שֶׁאָמַר וְהָיָה הָעוֹלָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ג, ז): כִּי יָדַעְתִּי אֶת מַכְאֹבָיו. רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר, מָה הַסְּנֶה הַזֶּה עוֹשִׂין אוֹתוֹ גָּדֵר לַגִּנָּה, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל גָּדֵר לָעוֹלָם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מָה הַסְּנֶה הַזֶּה גָדֵל עַל כָּל מַיִם, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֵינָן גְּדֵלִים אֶלָּא בִּזְכוּת הַתּוֹרָה שֶׁנִּקְרֵאת מַיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה נה, א): הוֹי כָּל צָמֵא לְכוּ לַמַּיִם, דָּבָר אַחֵר, מָה הַסְּנֶה הַזֶּה גָּדֵל בַּגִּנָּה וּבַנָּהָר, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל הֵם בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה וּבָעוֹלָם הַבָּא. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מָה הַסְּנֶה עוֹשֶׂה קוֹצִין וְעוֹשֶׂה וְרָדִין, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל יֵשׁ בָּהֶן צַדִּיקִים וּרְשָׁעִים. אָמַר רַבִּי פִּנְחָס הַכֹּהֵן בְּרַבִּי חָמָא, מָה הַסְּנֶה הַזֶּה כְּשֶׁאָדָם מַכְנִיס יָדוֹ לְתוֹכוֹ אֵינוֹ מַרְגִּישׁ וּכְשֶׁהוּא מוֹצִיאָהּ מִסְתָּרֶטֶת, כָּךְ כְּשֶׁיָּרְדוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְמִצְרַיִם לֹא הִכִּיר בָּהֶן בְּרִיָּה, כְּשֶׁיָּצְאוּ יָצְאוּ בְּאוֹתוֹת וּבְמוֹפְתִים וּבְמִלְחָמָה. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר שָׁלוֹם אָמַר, מָה הַסְּנֶה הָעוֹף נִכְנָס לְתוֹכוֹ וְאֵינוֹ מַרְגִּישׁ וּכְשֶׁהוּא יוֹצֵא כְּנָפָיו מִתְמָרְטוֹת, כָּךְ כְּשֶׁיָּרַד אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ לְמִצְרַיִם לֹא הִכִּיר בּוֹ בְּרִיָה, וּכְשֶׁיָּצָא (בראשית יב, יז): וַיְנַגַּע ה' אֶת פַּרְעֹה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מִתּוֹךְ הַסְּנֶה, רַבִּי נַחְמָן בְּנוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן אוֹמֵר, כָּל הָאִילָנוֹת יֵשׁ מֵהֶן עוֹשֶׂה עָלֶה אַחַת, וְיֵשׁ מֵהֶן שְׁתַּיִם אוֹ שָׁלשׁ, הֲדַס עוֹשֶׂה שָׁלשׁ, שֶׁנִּקְרָא (ויקרא כג, מ): עֵץ עָבֹת. אֲבָל הַסְּנֶה יֵשׁ לוֹ חָמֵשׁ עָלִין. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה, אֵין יִשְׂרָאֵל נִגְאָלִין אֶלָּא בִּזְכוּת אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב וּבִזְכוּתְךָ וּבִזְכוּת אַהֲרֹן. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מִתּוֹךְ הַסְּנֶה, רָמַז לוֹ שֶׁיִּחְיֶה מֵאָה וְעֶשְׂרִים שָׁנָה כְּמִנְיַן הַסְּנֶה. וַיַּרְא וְהִנֵּה הַסְּנֶה בֹּעֵר בָּאֵשׁ. מִכָּן אָמְרוּ הָאֵשׁ שֶׁל מַעְלָה מַעֲלָה לוּלָבִין וְשׂוֹרֶפֶת וְאֵינָהּ אוֹכֶלֶת וְהִיא שְׁחוֹרָה, הָאֵשׁ שֶׁל מַטָּה אֵינָהּ מַעֲלָה לוּלָבִין וְהִיא אֲדֻמָּה וְאוֹכֶלֶת וְאֵינָהּ שׂוֹרֶפֶת. וְלָמָּה הֶרְאָה לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה בָּעִנְיָן הַזֶּה, לְפִי שֶׁהָיָה מְחַשֵּׁב בְּלִבּוֹ וְאוֹמֵר, שֶׁמָּא יִהְיוּ הַמִּצְרִיִּים מְכַלִּין אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, לְפִיכָךְ הֶרְאָהוּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֵשׁ בּוֹעֶרֶת וְאֵינֶנּוּ אֻכָּל, אָמַר לוֹ כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהַסְּנֶה בּוֹעֵר בָּאֵשׁ וְאֵינֶנּוּ אֻכָּל, כָּךְ הַמִּצְרִיִּים אֵינָן יְכוֹלִין לְכַלּוֹת אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל. דָּבָר אַחֵר, לְפִי שֶׁהָיָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְדַבֵּר עִם משֶׁה וְלֹא הָיָה מְבַקֵּשׁ לִבָּטֵל מִמְּלַאכְתוֹ, הֶרְאָה לוֹ אוֹתוֹ דָּבָר כְּדֵי שֶׁיַּהֲפֹךְ פָּנָיו וְיִרְאֶה וִידַבֵּר עִמּוֹ, שֶׁכָּךְ אַתָּה מוֹצֵא מִתְּחִלָּה וַיֵּרָא מַלְאַךְ ה' אֵלָיו, וְלֹא הָלַךְ משֶׁה, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁבָּטַל מִמְּלַאכְתוֹ וְהָלַךְ לִרְאוֹת, מִיָּד (שמות ג, ד): וַיִּקְרָא אֵלָיו אֱלֹהִים.
“An angel of the Lord appeared to him in a flame of fire from the midst of the bush. He looked, and behold, the bush burned with fire, but the bush was not consumed” (Exodus 3:2).
“An angel of the Lord appeared to him” – that is what is written: “I am asleep, but my heart is awake” (Song of Songs 5:2). I am asleep from the mitzvot, but my heart is awake to perform them. “My perfect one [tamati]” (Song of Songs 5:2) at Sinai, as they had perfect faith [shenitamemu] with Me at Sinai, and they said: “Everything that the Lord spoke, we will do and we will obey” (Exodus 24:7). Rabbi Yannai said: Just as it is with twins [teomim], if the head of one hurts, the other feels it, so too, the Holy One blessed be He said, as it were: “I will be with him in trouble” (Psalms 91:15).
Alternatively: What is: “I will be with him in trouble?” When they have trouble they call out only to the Holy One blessed be He. In Egypt – “their cry came up to God” (Exodus 2:23); at the sea – “and the children of Israel cried to the Lord” (Exodus 14:10), and many others like that. And it says: “In all their trouble, He was troubled” (Isaiah 63:9). The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘Don’t you sense that I am suffering just as Israel is suffering? Know that from the place that I am speaking with you, from the thorns, as it were, I am party to their suffering.’
“An angel of the Lord appeared.” Rabbi Yoḥanan said: That is Michael. Rabbi Ḥanina said: That is Gabriel. [Regarding] Rabbi Yosei the tall, everywhere that they would see him, they would say: ‘Here is our saintly rabbi.’12Rabbi Yosei was an attendant of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi. Similarly, everywhere that Michael appears, there is the glory of the Divine Presence.
“To him” – what is “to him?” It teaches that there were people with him and they did not see, only Moses alone. As it is written regarding Daniel: “I, Daniel, alone, saw the vision” (Daniel 10:7).
“In a flame [belabat] of fire” – to give him courage [lelabevo], so that when he arrives at Sinai and sees those fires, he will not fear them. Alternatively, belabat esh, from two thirds of the bush and above, just as the heart [lev] is placed at two thirds of the person and above.
“From the midst of the bush” – a gentile asked Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa: ‘What did the Holy One blessed be He see that led Him to speak with Moses from the midst of the bush?’ He said to him: ‘Had he spoken to him from a carob tree or a sycamore tree, would you ask me the same? However, to dismiss you outright is impossible. Why from the midst of the bush? It is to teach you that there is no place that is vacant of the Divine Presence, even a bush.’
“In a flame of fire” – initially, only one angel descended, which stood in the center of the fire, and then the Divine Presence descended and spoke with him “from the midst of the bush”13In Exodus 3:2 it says: “He saw an angel of the Lord in a flame of fire in the midst of the bush” and then in verse 4 it says: “God called him from the midst of the bush.” (Exodus 3:4).
Rabbi Eliezer says: Just as a bush is the lowliest of all the trees in the world, so too, Israel was lowly and humble to the Egyptians; therefore, the Holy One blessed be He appeared to them and redeemed them, as it is stated: “I came down to deliver them from the hand of Egypt” (Exodus 3:8). Rabbi Yosei says: Just as the bush is the harshest of all the trees, and any bird that enters the bush does not emerge from it unharmed, so too, the enslavement in Egypt was the harshest of all the enslavements in the world before the Omnipresent, as it is stated: “The Lord said: I have seen [ra’o ra’iti] the affliction of My people” (Exodus 3:7). Why does the verse state ra’o ra’iti twice?14The question is based on the doubled verb, combining the absolute infinitive ra’o with the first person past tense ra’iti, meaning ‘I have seen.’ This formulation is common in Biblical Hebrew and is often understood to indicate emphasis. In any case, the midrash takes the opportunity to expound upon the double verb. It is because after they would drown them [the Hebrew children] in the river they would then crush them under the construction. This is analogous to one who took a rod and struck two people and both of them receive the lash and know its pain.15 It is as if God also feels the pain of Israel. So too, the pain and enslavement of Israel was revealed before the One Who spoke and the world came into being, as it is stated: “As I know its pains” (ibid.).
Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Just as this bush, one makes it into a fence for a garden, so too, Israel is a fence for the world. Alternatively: Just as this bush grows on any water,16It grows both from rainwater and irrigation. so too Israel grows only due to the merit of the Torah, which is characterized as water, as it is stated: “Ho, everyone who thirsts, go to the water” (Isaiah 55:1).
Another matter: Just as this bush grows in a garden and by a river, so too, Israel is in this world and in the World to Come. Alternatively, just as the bush produces thorns and produces roses, so too, in Israel there are both righteous and wicked. Rabbi Pinḥas the priest, son of Rabbi Ḥama said: Just as the bush, when one inserts his hand into it, one doesn’t feel anything, but when one removes it, it is scratched, so too, when Israel descended to Egypt, no creature knew them, but when they emerged, they emerged “with signs, with wonders, and with war” (Deuteronomy 4:34). Rabbi Yehuda bar Shalom said: Just as the bush, when a bird enters it he doesn’t feel it and when it emerges, its wings are plucked, so too, when Abraham descended to Egypt, no creature knew him, and when he emerged: “The Lord plagued Pharaoh” (Genesis 12:17).
Another matter: “From the midst of the bush” – Rabbi Naḥman, the son of Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman says: All trees – some of them produce one leaf, some two or three. The myrtle produces three, as it is called: “a leafy tree” (Leviticus 23:40); however, the bush has five leaves. the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: Israel is redeemed only due to the merit of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and your merit and the merit of Aaron. Alternatively, “from the midst of the bush [hasneh]” – He alluded to him [to Moses] that he would live one hundred and twenty years, corresponding to the numerical value of hasneh.17Heh – 5, samekh – 60, nun – 50, heh – 5 = 120.
“He looked, and behold, the bush burned with fire.” From here they say that heavenly fire generates rays of light and burns but does not consume,18It burns without consuming fuel. and it is black. Earthly fire does not produce light rays, it is red, and it consumes but does not burn. Why did the Holy One blessed be He show Moses this matter? It is because he was contemplating in his heart and saying: Perhaps the Egyptians will eradicate Israel; therefore, the Holy One blessed be He showed him a burning fire that is not consumed. He said to him: ‘Just as the bush burns in fire but is not consumed, so too, the Egyptians will be unable to eradicate Israel.’
Another matter: Because the Holy One blessed be He [wanted to] speak with Moses, but he [Moses] did not want to interrupt his work [of shepherding], He showed him this thing so that he would turn his head and see, and He could speak with him, as you find initially: “An angel of the Lord appeared to him,” and Moses did not go. Once he stopped working he went to see, immediately: “God called to him” (Exodus 3:4).
וַיֹּאמֶר משֶׁה אָסֻרָה נָּא וְאֶרְאֶה, רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר חָמֵשׁ פְּסִיעוֹת פָּסַע משֶׁה בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: אָסֻרָה נָּא וְאֶרְאֶה. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ אָמַר הָפַךְ פָּנָיו וְהִבִּיט, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיַּרְא ה' כִּי סָר לִרְאוֹת. כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִבִּיט בּוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אָמַר נָאֶה זֶה לִרְעוֹת אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל. אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק, מַהוּ כִּי סָר לִרְאוֹת, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא סָר וְזָעֵף הוּא זֶה לִרְאוֹת בְּצַעֲרָן שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּמִצְרַיִם, לְפִיכָךְ רָאוּי הוּא לִהְיוֹת רוֹעֶה עֲלֵיהֶן, מִיָּד וַיִּקְרָא אֵלָיו אֱלֹהִים מִתּוֹךְ הַסְּנֶה. וַיֹּאמֶר משֶׁה משֶׁה, אַתָּה מוֹצֵא (בראשית כב, יא): בְּאַבְרָהָם, אַבְרָהָם, יֵשׁ בּוֹ פָּסֵק, (בראשית מו, ב): יַעֲקֹב, יַעֲקֹב, יֵשׁ בּוֹ פָּסֵק, (שמואל א ג, י): שְׁמוּאֵל, שְׁמוּאֵל, יֵשׁ בּוֹ פָּסֵק, אֲבָל משֶׁה משֶׁה, אֵין בּוֹ פָּסֵק, לָמָּה כֵן, מָשָׁל לְאָדָם שֶׁנִּתַּן עָלָיו מַשְֹּׂאוֹי גָדוֹל, וְקוֹרֵא פְּלוֹנִי פְּלוֹנִי קְרוֹבִי פְּרֹק מֵעָלַי מַשְֹּׂאוֹי זֶה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, עִם כָּל הַנְּבִיאִים הִפְסִיק מִלְּדַבֵּר עִמָּהֶם, אֲבָל בְּמשֶׁה לֹא הִפְסִיק כָּל יָמָיו. תָּנֵי רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר יוֹחָאי מַהוּ משֶׁה משֶׁה, לָשׁוֹן חִבָּה לָשׁוֹן זֵרוּז. דָּבָר אַחֵר, משֶׁה משֶׁה, הוּא שֶׁלִּמֵּד תּוֹרָה בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה וְהוּא עָתִיד לְלַמֵּד בָּעוֹלָם הַבָּא, שֶׁעֲתִידִין יִשְׂרָאֵל לֵילֵךְ אֵצֶל אַבְרָהָם וְאוֹמְרִים לוֹ, לַמְּדֵנוּ תוֹרָה, וְהוּא אוֹמֵר לָהֶם לְכוּ אֵצֶל יִצְחָק שֶׁלָּמַד יוֹתֵר מִמֶּנִּי, וְיִצְחָק אוֹמֵר לְכוּ אֵצֶל יַעֲקֹב שֶׁשִּׁמֵּשׁ יוֹתֵר מִמֶּנִּי, וְיַעֲקֹב אוֹמֵר לָהֶם לְכוּ אֵצֶל משֶׁה שֶׁלְּמָדָהּ מִפִּי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים פד, ח): יֵלְכוּ מֵחַיִל אֶל חָיִל יֵרָאֶה אֶל אֱלֹהִים בְּצִיּוֹן, וְאֵין אֱלֹהִים אֶלָּא משֶׁה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: (שמות ז, א): רְאֵה נְתַתִּיךָ אֱלֹהִים לְפַרְעֹה. רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא אָמַר כָּל מִי שֶׁנִּכְפַּל שְׁמוֹ הוּא בִּשְׁנֵי עוֹלָמוֹת. וַיֹּאמֶר הִנֵּנִי, הִנֵּנִי לִכְהֻנָּה וּלְמַלְכוּת. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בִּמְקוֹם עַמּוּדוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם אַתָּה עוֹמֵד, אַבְרָהָם אָמַר (בראשית כב, א): הִנֵּנִי, וְאַתָּה אוֹמֵר: הִנֵּנִי, בִּקֵּשׁ משֶׁה שֶׁיַּעַמְדוּ מִמֶּנּוּ כֹּהֲנִים וּמְלָכִים, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: אַל תִּקְרַב הֲלֹם, כְּלוֹמַר לֹא יִהְיוּ בָּנֶיךָ מַקְרִיבִין, שֶׁכְּבָר מְתֻקֶּנֶת הַכְּהֻנָּה לְאַהֲרֹן אָחִיךָ. הֲלֹם זוֹ מַלְכוּת, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (שמואל ב ז, יח): כִּי הֲבִאֹתַנִי עַד הֲלֹם. וְאוֹמֵר (שמואל א י, כב): הֲבָא עוֹד הֲלֹם אִישׁ. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כְּבָר מְתֻקָּן הַמַּלְכוּת לְדָוִד, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן זָכָה משֶׁה לִשְׁתֵּיהֶן, כְּהֻנָּה, שֶׁשִּׁמֵּשׁ בְּשִׁבְעַת יְמֵי הַמִּלּוּאִים, מַלְכוּת, דִּכְתִיב (דברים לג, ה): וַיְהִי בִישֻׁרוּן מֶלֶךְ. שַׁל נְעָלֶיךָ, כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁהַשְּׁכִינָה נִגְלֵית אָסוּר בִּנְעִילַת הַסַּנְדָּל. וְכֵן בִּיהוֹשֻׁעַ (יהושע ה, טו): שַׁל נַעַלְךָ, וְכֵן הַכֹּהֲנִים לֹא שִׁמְּשׁוּ בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ אֶלָּא יְחֵפִים.
“Moses said: I will turn now, and see this great sight; why will the bush not burn?” (Exodus 3:3).
“Moses said: I will turn [asura] now and see.” Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Moses took five steps at that moment, as it is stated: “I will turn [asura]19It should have said asur. The numerical value of the additional heh alludes to the five steps that Moses took. now and see.” Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said: He turned around and looked, as it is stated: “The Lord saw that he had turned to see” (Exodus 3:4). Once he looked at it, the Holy One blessed be He said: ‘He is suitable to shepherd Israel.’
“The Lord saw that he turned to see, and God called to him from the midst of the bush and He said: ‘Moses, Moses.’ He said: ‘Here I am’” (Exodus 3:4).
Rabbi Yitzḥak said: What is “that he had turned [sar] to see?” The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘This one is depressed and upset [sar veza’ef]20An allusion to I Kings 20:43, 21:4. over seeing Israel’s suffering in Egypt; therefore, he is suitable to be their shepherd. Immediately, “God called to him from the midst of the bush.”
“He said: ‘Moses Moses.’” You find in “Abraham, Abraham” (Genesis 22:11), there is a pasek21A biblical cantillation sign connoting a break between the two names. between them; “Jacob, Jacob” (Genesis 46:2), there is a pasek between them; “Samuel, Samuel” (I Samuel 3:10), there is a pasek between them. However, “Moses Moses,” there is no pasek between them. Why is it so? This is analogous to a person who placed upon himself a great burden, and calls: So-and-so so-and-so, my dear, unload this burden from me.22Due to the urgency of the matter he calls without pausing. Alternatively, with all the prophets, He ceased speaking with them; however, with Moses, He did not cease all his days.
Rabbi Shimon bar Yoḥai taught: What is “Moses Moses?” It is an expression of fondness and encouragement. Alternatively: “Moses Moses” – it is he who taught Torah in this world, and he is destined to teach in the World to Come, as Israel is destined to go to Abraham and say to him: ‘Teach us Torah.’ He will say: ‘Go to Isaac, who studied more than I did,’ and Isaac will say: ‘Go to Jacob, who attended [to his teachers] more than I did;’ and Jacob will say to them: ‘Go to Moses, who learned it from the mouth of the Holy One blessed be He.’ That is what is written: “They will go from strength to strength, they will appear to God [Elohim] in Zion” (Psalms 84:8), and elohim is in fact Moses, as it is stated: “See I have placed you as elohim to Pharaoh” (Exodus 7:1). Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said: Anyone whose name is doubled is in two worlds.23This world and the world-to-come.
“He said: Do not draw near; remove your shoes from your feet, for the place upon which you are standing is holy ground” (Exodus 3:5).
“He said: Here I am” (Exodus 3:4) – here I am for priesthood and kingship. The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘You are standing in the place of the pillar of the world: Abraham said: “I am here” (Genesis 22:1), and you said: “I am here.”’ Moses asked that priests and kings emerge from him. The Holy One blessed be He said to him: “Do not draw [tikrav] near [halom]” – meaning, your descendants will not be sacrificing [makrivin], as the priesthood is fated for Aaron your brother. Halom – this is kingship, as it is said: “That you have brought me [King David] to this point [halom]” (II Samuel 7:18), and it says: “Has a man [Saul] come here [halom] yet?” (I Samuel 10:22). The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘Kingdom is fated for David.’ Nevertheless, Moses received both of them. Priesthood, as he served during the seven days of inauguration; kingdom, as it is written: “There was a king in Yeshurun” (Deuteronomy 33:5).
“Remove your shoes” – any place that the Divine Presence reveals itself, wearing shoes is prohibited. Thus with Joshua: “Remove your shoes” (Joshua 5:15). And thus the priests served in the Temple only barefoot.