AND JACOB SENT MESSENGERS (lit. angels), ETC. R. Judah discoursed on the text: For he will give his angels charge over thee, to keep thee in all thy ways (Ps. 91, 11). ‘According to the companions,’ he said, ‘the moment a child is born into the world, the evil prompter straightway attaches himself to him, and thenceforth brings accusations against him, as it says, “sin coucheth at the door” (Gen. 4, 7), the term “sin” being a designation of the evil prompter,
and he was also called sin by King David in the verse: “and my sin is ever before me” (Ps. 51, 5). He is so called because he makes man every day to sin before his Master, never leaving him from the day of his birth till the end of his life.
But the good prompter first comes to man only on the day that he begins to purify himself, to wit, when he reaches the age of thirteen years. From that time the youth finds himself attended by two companions, one on his right and the other on his left, the former being the good prompter, the latter the evil prompter. These are two veritable angels appointed to keep man company continually.
Now when a man tries to be virtuous, the evil prompter bows to him, the right gains dominion over the left, and the two together join hands to guard the man in all his ways; hence it is written: “For he will give his angels charge over thee, to keep thee in all thy ways.” ‘
R. Eleazar applied this verse to Jacob when God assigned to him companies of angels as an escort because he came with the full number of tribes, forming with them a godly company. Hence it says: “And Jacob went on his way, and the angels of God met him” (Gen. 32, 2), as already explained. Here, therefore, when he was delivered from the hands of Laban and dissociated himself from him, the Shekinah joined him, and sacred camps came to encircle him, so that “Jacob said when he saw them, etc.” (Ibid. 3). It was from these angels that he sent a mission to Esau, as it says: “And Jacob sent angels” (mal’akhim).’
R. Isaac said: ‘Why, in one place in the Psalms does it say “The angel of the Lord encampeth round about them that fear him and delivereth them” (Ps. 34, 8), in the singular, and in another place, “For he will give his angels charge over thee” (Ibid. 91, 11), in the plural? The reason is that the term “angels” is a reference to angels proper, whereas in the verse: “The angel of the Lord encampeth”, the reference is to the Shekinah, as in the verse: “And the angel of the Lord appeared unto him in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush” (Ex. 3, 2). Thus “the angel of the Lord encampeth round about those who fear him” to deliver them; and when the Shekinah abides within a man, ever so many holy legions rally round him.
David uttered this verse when he escaped from Achish the king of Gath, because the Shekinah encompassed him and delivered him from Achish and his people, and all those who assailed him. It is written in the same connection: “And he feigned himself mad (vayitholel) in their hands” (I Sam. 21, 14). The term vayitholel here, in place of the more usual vayishtagea‘,
contains an allusion to the kindred term used formerly by David when he said: “For I was envious of the madmen (holelim)” (Ps. 73, 3). God thus said in effect to David: “As thou livest, since thou enviest madmen, thou thyself wilt yet be driven to play the madman”; and so it came to pass when he was brought before Achish and his life was in danger; he then “feigned himself mad (vayitholel) in their hand”, that is, he behaved like one of those madmen (holelim) whom he had once envied; and only then did the Shekinah come to his rescue.
How, it may be asked, could this be, seeing that the Shekinah abides only in her own heritage, the Holy Land? The answer is that from there only she bestows blessings, but for purposes of protection she is to be found elsewhere also. So here, when Jacob departed from Laban, all the holy legions surrounded him, so that he was not left by himself.’
R. Hizkiah asked: ‘If that was so, how came Jacob, as stated later, to be “left alone” (Gen. 32, 25)?’ Said R. Judah in reply: ‘Because he exposed himself deliberately to danger, and therefore the angels deserted him. It was to this that he alluded when he said: “I am not worthy of all the mercies and of all the truth which thou hast shown unto thy servant” (Ibid. 11).’
R. Isaac said that the reason why they departed was to leave him alone with the chieftain of Esau, who came down to him with divine permission; and they meanwhile went off to chant the hymns for which the hour was then due and to sing the praises of the Holy One, blessed be He, and afterwards they returned to Jacob. “Now I am become two camps”: to wit, the camp of the Shekinah and his own household, so that he was complete on all sides, having his portion both with the white and with the red.
R. Eleazar said: ‘The sages have stated that on that night and at that hour the power of Esau was in the ascendant, and therefore Jacob was left alone, or, from another aspect, the sun was left alone, the light of the moon having been obscured. Nevertheless, the guardianship of Providence did not leave him entirely, so that his antagonist prevailed not against him, as it says: “And when he saw that he prevailed not against him…”.
He looked to Jacob’s right, and there his gaze met Abraham; he turned to his left, and there he saw Isaac; he looked at Jacob’s body, and he saw that it was a fusion of tht two sides, and so he touched the hollow of his thigh, which is a pillar adjoining the body but is outside the body.
In this way, then, the angel encompassed Jacob on all sides to deliver him; and when the Shekinah came down to abide with him, there joined him multitudinous hosts and legions; and it was of those angels that he sent a party to Esau.’
AND JACOB SENT ANGELS. Said R. Abba: What induced Jacob to make advances towards Esau? Would he not have done better to leave him alone? The truth is that Jacob said to himself: “I am well aware that Esau has great respect for his father and would never cause him any vexation, and so I know that I have no ground to fear him so long as my father is alive. Let me, therefore, effect a reconciliation with him whilst my father is alive.” Straightway, then, Jacob “sent angels before him”.’
R. Simeon opened a discourse on the verse: Better is he that is lightly esteemed, and hath a servant, than he that playeth the man of rank, and lacketh bread (Prov. 12, 9). ‘This verse’, he said, ‘speaks of the evil prompter, who lays plots and unceasingly brings up accusations against a man. He puffs up a man’s heart, encouraging him to arrogance and conceit, and induces him to twirl his hair and carry his head high, until he obtains an ascendancy over him and drags him down to Gehinnom.
Better, therefore, is one who is “lightly esteemed” and who does not follow the evil prompter, but remains humble in heart and spirit and submits himself to the will of the Holy One, blessed be He. The evil prompter is bowed down before such a one, and so far is he from obtaining the mastery over the man that it is the man who obtains the mastery over him, as it says, “but thou mayest rule over him” (Gen. 4, 7).
Such a man is better than he who “playeth the man of rank”, who has a high opinion of himself, twirls his hair and is full of conceit, as already mentioned above, but “lacketh bread”, to wit, the true faith, which is referred to as “the bread of his God” (Lev. 21, 22) (Ibid. 6).
Again, “he who is lightly esteemed” is exemplified in Jacob, who humbled himself before Esau so that the latter should in time become his servant, in fulfilment of the blessing: “Let people serve thee, and nations bow down to thee, etc.” (Gen. 27, 29). For Jacob’s time had not yet arrived, as he deferred it to the future, and in the immediate present he “esteemed himself lightly”. But in the proper time “he that playeth the man of rank” will become the servant to him “that lacketh bread”, to the man who was allotted “plenty of corn and wine” (Ibid. 28).
Jacob knew that it was for the time being necessary for him to humble himself before Esau, and so made himself as one who “esteemed himself lightly”. And, moreover, he displayed therein more craft and subtlety than in all his other dealings with Esau; and had Esau realised this, he would rather have taken his own life than come to such a pass. Jacob thus acted throughout with wisdom, and to him can be applied the words of Hannah: “They that strive with the Lord shall be broken in pieces… and he will give strength unto his king, etc.” (I Sam. 2, 10).’
וַיִּשְׁלַח יַעֲקֹב מַלְאָכִים וגו'. רִבִּי יְהוּדָה פָּתַח (תהילים צ״א:י״א) כִּי מַלְאָכָיו יְצַוְּה לָךְ לִשְׁמָרְךָ בְּכָל דְרָכֶיךָ, הַאי קְרָא אוּקְמוּהָ חַבְרַיָיא, דְהָא בְּשַׁעְתָּא דְּבַר נָשׁ אָתֵי לְעַלְמָא, מִיָּד אִזְדַּמַּן בַּהֲדֵיהּ יֵצֶר הָרָע דְּאִיהוּ מְקַטְרֵג לֵיהּ לְבַר נָשׁ תָּדִיר כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמֵר, (בראשית ד׳:ז׳) לַפֶּתַח חַטָּאת רוֹבֵץ. מַאי חַטָּאת רוֹבֵץ, דָּא יֵצֶר הָרָע.
AND JACOB SENT MESSENGERS (lit. angels), ETC. R. Judah discoursed on the text: For he will give his angels charge over thee, to keep thee in all thy ways (Ps. 91, 11). ‘According to the companions,’ he said, ‘the moment a child is born into the world, the evil prompter straightway attaches himself to him, and thenceforth brings accusations against him, as it says, “sin coucheth at the door” (Gen. 4, 7), the term “sin” being a designation of the evil prompter,
וְדָוִד הָכִי נָמֵי קָרְיֵיהּ חַטָּאת דִּכְתִיב, (תהילים נ״א:ה׳) וְחַטָּאתִי נֶגְדִי תָמִיד, בְּגִין דְּאִיהוּ עָבִיד לֵיהּ לְבַר נָשׁ כָּל יוֹמָא לְמֶחטֵי קַמֵּי מָארֵיהּ, וְיֵצֶר הָרָע דָּא לָא אִתְעֲדֵי מִבַּר נָשׁ מִיּוֹמָא דְאִתְיְלִיד בַּר נָשׁ לְעָלְמִין. וְיֵצֶר הַטּוֹב אָתֵי לְבַר נָשׁ מִיּוֹמָא דְאָתֵי לְאִתְדַּכָּאָה.
and he was also called sin by King David in the verse: “and my sin is ever before me” (Ps. 51, 5). He is so called because he makes man every day to sin before his Master, never leaving him from the day of his birth till the end of his life.
וְאֵימָתַי אָתֵי בַּר נָשׁ לְאִתְדַּכָּאָה כַּד אִיהוּ בַּר תְּלֵיסַר שְׁנִין, כְּדֵין אִזְדַּוַּוג בַּר נָשׁ בְּתַרְוַויְיהוּ חַד מִימִינָא וְחַד מִשְּׂמָאלָא, יֵצֶר טוֹב לִימִינָא וְיֵצֶר רַע לִשְׂמָאלָא. וְאִלֵּין אִינוּן תְּרֵין מַלְאָכִין מַמָּשׁ מְמַנָּן, וְאִינוּן מִשְׁתַּכְּחִין תָּדִיר בַּהֲדֵיהּ דְּבַר נָשׁ.
But the good prompter first comes to man only on the day that he begins to purify himself, to wit, when he reaches the age of thirteen years. From that time the youth finds himself attended by two companions, one on his right and the other on his left, the former being the good prompter, the latter the evil prompter. These are two veritable angels appointed to keep man company continually.
אָתֵי בַר נָשׁ לְאִתְדַּכָּאָה, הַהוּא יֵצֶר הָרָע אִתְכַּפְיָא קַמֵּיהּ וְשַׁלִּיט יְמִינָא עַל שְׂמָאלָא. וְתַרְוַויְיהוּ מִזְדַּוְּוגִין לְנַטְרָא לֵיהּ לְבַר נָשׁ בְּכָל אָרְחוֹי דְּהוּא עָבִיד. הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב כִּי מַלְאָכָיו יְצַוֶּה לָךְ לִשְׁמָרְךָ בְּכָל דְּרָכֶיךָ.
Now when a man tries to be virtuous, the evil prompter bows to him, the right gains dominion over the left, and the two together join hands to guard the man in all his ways; hence it is written: “For he will give his angels charge over thee, to keep thee in all thy ways.” ‘
רִבִּי אֶלְעָזָר מוֹקִים לֵיהּ לְהַאי קְרָא בְּיַעֲקֹב, דְּקוּדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא אַזְמִין בַּהֲדֵיהּ מַלְאָכִין מַשִּׁרְיָין מְמַנָּן. בְּגִין דְהָא אִיהוּ אָתֵי שְׁלִים בְּשִׁבְטִין עִלָּאִין כֻּלְּהוּ שְׁלֵמִין כְּדְקָא יְאוּת, כְּמָה דְאִתְּמָר (דכתיב) וְיַעֲקֹב הָלַךְ לְדַרְכּוֹ וַיִּפְגְּעוּ בוֹ מַלְאֲכֵי אֱלֹהִים וְאִתְּמָר. וְהָכָא כֵּיוָן דְּאִשְׁתְּזִיב מִנֵּיהּ דְּלָבָן וְהָא אִתְפְּרַשׁ מִנֵּיהּ כְּדֵין אִזְדַּוְּוגַת עִמֵּיהּ שְׁכִינְתָּא וְאֲתוּ מַשִּׁרְיָין קַדִּישִׁין לְסַחֲרָא לֵיהּ, וּכְדֵין וַיֹּאמֶר יַעֲקֹב כַּאֲשֶׁר רָאָם וְגו'. וּמֵאִינוּן מַלְאָכִין שַׁדַּר לֵיהּ לְעֵשָׂו הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב וַיִּשְׁלַח יַעֲקֹב מַלְאָכִים, מַלְאָכִים מַמָּשׁ הֲווּ וַדַּאי.
R. Eleazar applied this verse to Jacob when God assigned to him companies of angels as an escort because he came with the full number of tribes, forming with them a godly company. Hence it says: “And Jacob went on his way, and the angels of God met him” (Gen. 32, 2), as already explained. Here, therefore, when he was delivered from the hands of Laban and dissociated himself from him, the Shekinah joined him, and sacred camps came to encircle him, so that “Jacob said when he saw them, etc.” (Ibid. 3). It was from these angels that he sent a mission to Esau, as it says: “And Jacob sent angels” (mal’akhim).’
פָּתַח רִבִּי יִצְחָק וְאָמַר כְּתִיב, (תהילים ל״ה:ה׳) חוֹנֶה מַלְאַךְ יְיָ סָבִיב לִירֵאָיו וַיְחַלְּצֵם, הָא אוּקְמוּהָ. אֲבָל בְּאֲתַר חַד כְּתִיב כִּי מַלְאָכָיו יְצַוֶּה לָךְ, מַלְאָכָיו סַגִּיאִין, וְהָכָא חַד דִּכְתִיב חוֹנֶה מַלְאַךְ יְיָ סָבִיב לִירֵאָיו וַיְחַלְּצֵם. אֶלָּא כִּי מַלְאָכָיו יְצַוֶּה לָךְ, אִלֵּין שְׁאָר מַלְאָכִין. מַלְאַךְ יְיָ סָבִיב דָּא שְׁכִינְתָּא, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמֵר, (שמות ג׳:ב׳) וַיֵּרָא מַלְאַךְ יְיָ אֵלָיו בְּלַבַּת אֵשׁ מִתּוֹךְ הַסְּנֶה. וּבְגִין כָּךְ חוֹנֶה מַלְאַךְ יְיָ סָבִיב לִירֵאָיו, לַאֲקָפָא לֵיהּ בְּכָל סִטְרִין בְּגִין לְשֵׁזָבָא לֵיהּ. וְכַד שְׁכִינְתָּא שַׁרְיָא בְּגַוֵּיהּ דְּבַר נָשׁ, כַּמָּה מַשִּׁרְיָין קַדִּישִׁין כֻּלְּהוּ אִזְדַּמְּנוּ לְתַמָּן.
R. Isaac said: ‘Why, in one place in the Psalms does it say “The angel of the Lord encampeth round about them that fear him and delivereth them” (Ps. 34, 8), in the singular, and in another place, “For he will give his angels charge over thee” (Ibid. 91, 11), in the plural? The reason is that the term “angels” is a reference to angels proper, whereas in the verse: “The angel of the Lord encampeth”, the reference is to the Shekinah, as in the verse: “And the angel of the Lord appeared unto him in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush” (Ex. 3, 2). Thus “the angel of the Lord encampeth round about those who fear him” to deliver them; and when the Shekinah abides within a man, ever so many holy legions rally round him.
תָּא חֲזֵי, כַּד דָּוִד מַלְכָּא אִשְׁתְּזִיב מֵאָכִישׁ מֶלֶךְ גַת כְּדֵין אָמַר הַאי, בְּגִין דִּשְׁכִינְתָּא סַחֲרָא לֵיהּ וְאִשְׁתְּזִיב מִנַּיְיהוּ מֵאָכִישׁ וּמֵעַמֵּיהּ כָּל אִינוּן דְּאַתְקִיפוּ (נ"א דאקיפו) בֵּיהּ, מַה כְּתִיב, (שמואל א כ״א:י״ד) וַיִּתְהוֹלֵל בְּיָדָם, אַמַּאי וַיִּתְהוֹלֵל, וַיִּשְׁתַּגֵּעַ מִבָּעֵי לֵיהּ, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמֵר, (שם) כִּי הֵבֵאתֶם אֶת זֶה לְהִשְׁתַּגֵּעַ עָלַי.
David uttered this verse when he escaped from Achish the king of Gath, because the Shekinah encompassed him and delivered him from Achish and his people, and all those who assailed him. It is written in the same connection: “And he feigned himself mad (vayitholel) in their hands” (I Sam. 21, 14). The term vayitholel here, in place of the more usual vayishtagea‘,
אֶלָּא אַהֲדַר עַל הַהוּא מִלָּה דְאֲמַר דָּוִד בְּקַדְמִיתָא דִּכְתִיב, (תהילים ע״ג:ג׳) כִּי קִנֵּאתִי בַּהוֹלְלִים וְגו'. אָמַר לֵיהּ קוּדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא חַיֶּיךָ עֲדַיִין אַנְתְּ אִצְטְרִיךְ לְהַאי, כֵּיוָן דְּעָאל לְבֵי אָכִישׁ וְאַתְקִיפוּ בֵּיהּ, מַה כְּתִיב וַיִּתְהוֹלֵל בְּיָדָם, כְּאִינוּן הוֹלְלִים דְּקַנֵּי בְּקַדְמִיתָא, וּכְדֵין אַתְיָא שְׁכִינְתָּא וְשַׁרְיָא סַחֲרָנֵיהּ דְּדָוִד.
contains an allusion to the kindred term used formerly by David when he said: “For I was envious of the madmen (holelim)” (Ps. 73, 3). God thus said in effect to David: “As thou livest, since thou enviest madmen, thou thyself wilt yet be driven to play the madman”; and so it came to pass when he was brought before Achish and his life was in danger; he then “feigned himself mad (vayitholel) in their hand”, that is, he behaved like one of those madmen (holelim) whom he had once envied; and only then did the Shekinah come to his rescue.
וְאִי תֵימָא שְׁכִינְתָּא לָא שַׁרְיָא אֶלָּא (באחסנתה) בְּאַחְסַנְתֵּיהּ, דְּאִיהִי אַרְעָא קַדִּישָׁא. וַדַּאי לָא שַׁרְיָא בְּגִין (דינקין) לִינָקָא מִנָּהּ, אֲבָל לַאֲגָנָא שַׁרְיָא. וְהָכָא כַּד אֲתָא יַעֲקֹב מִבֵּי לָבָן כֻּלְּהוּ מַשִּׁרְיָין קַדִּישִׁין סַחֲרָן לֵיהּ וְלָא אִשְׁתָּאַר בִּלְחוֹדוֹי.
How, it may be asked, could this be, seeing that the Shekinah abides only in her own heritage, the Holy Land? The answer is that from there only she bestows blessings, but for purposes of protection she is to be found elsewhere also. So here, when Jacob departed from Laban, all the holy legions surrounded him, so that he was not left by himself.’
אָמַר רִבִּי חִזְקִיָה אִי הָכִי (ס"א דכלהו משריין קדישין אתו בההה ושכינתא בהדיה), אַמַּאי כְּתִיב וַיִּוָּתֵר יַעֲקֹב לְבַדּוֹ וְגו'. אָמַר רִבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּגִין דְּאָעִיל גַּרְמֵיהּ לְסַכָּנָה, וְהֲוָה חָמֵי לְהַהִיא סַכָּנָה בְּעֵינוֹי, אִינוּן אִתְפָּרְשׁוּ מִנֵּיהּ, וּכְדֵין אָמַר קָטֹנְתִּי מִכֹּל הַחֲסָדִים וּמִכָּל הָאֱמֶת, אִלֵּין אִינוּן מַשִּׁרְיָין קַדִּישִׁין דְּאִתְפָּרְשׁוּ מִנֵּיהּ.
R. Hizkiah asked: ‘If that was so, how came Jacob, as stated later, to be “left alone” (Gen. 32, 25)?’ Said R. Judah in reply: ‘Because he exposed himself deliberately to danger, and therefore the angels deserted him. It was to this that he alluded when he said: “I am not worthy of all the mercies and of all the truth which thou hast shown unto thy servant” (Ibid. 11).’
רִבִּי יִצְחָק אָמַר בְּגִין לְשַׁבְקָא לֵיהּ עִם הַהוּא מְמַנָּא דְעֵשָׂו דְּבִרְשׁוּתָא עִלָּאָה הֲוָה אָתֵי. וְאִלֵּין אָזְלֵי לְמֵימַר שִׁירָתָא דְּמָטָא זִמְנַיְיהוּ לְשַׁבָּחָא לֵיהּ לְקוּדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא בְּהַהִיא שַׁעְתָּא, וּלְבָתַר אַהֲדָרוּ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב קָטֹנְתִּי מִכֹּל הַחֲסָדִים וּמִכָּל הָאֱמֶת אֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתָ אֶת עַבְדֶּךָ וְגו', וְעַתָּה הָיִיתִי לִשְׁנֵי מַחֲנוֹת. מַחֲנֶה שְׁכִינְתָּא, וְכָל בֵּיתֵיהּ, (ס"א מחנה חד הוה דכתיב מחנה אלהים זה), לִשְׁנִי מַחֲנוֹת, דְהֲוָה שְׁלִים מִכָל סִטְרִין מִתְּרֵין חוּלָקִין חִוַּור וְסוּמָק.
R. Isaac said that the reason why they departed was to leave him alone with the chieftain of Esau, who came down to him with divine permission; and they meanwhile went off to chant the hymns for which the hour was then due and to sing the praises of the Holy One, blessed be He, and afterwards they returned to Jacob. “Now I am become two camps”: to wit, the camp of the Shekinah and his own household, so that he was complete on all sides, having his portion both with the white and with the red.
רִבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אָמַר, הָא אִתְּמָר, הַהוּא לֵילְיָא שׁוּלְטָנוּתָא דְסִטְרָא דְעֵשָׂו הֲוָה. בְּהַהִיא שַׁעְתָּא דְּהָא כְּתִיב (בראשית א׳:י״ד) יְהִי מְאֹרֹת חָסֵר, וּבְגִין כָּךְ וַיִּוָּתֵר יַעֲקֹב לְבַדּוֹ, דְּאִשְׁתָּאַר יַעֲקֹב דְאִיהוּ שִׁמְשָׁא בִּלְחוֹדוֹי, דְּאִתְכַּסְיָא סִיהֲרָא מִן שִׁמְשָׁא. וְאַף עַל גַּב דִּנְטִירוּ (ס"א ועם כל דא נטירו) דְּקוּדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא לָא אִתְעֲדֵי מִנֵּיהּ מִכֹּל וָכֹל, וְעַל דָּא לא יָכוֹל לוֹ, דִּכְתִיב וַיַּרְא כִּי לא יָכוֹל לוֹ.
R. Eleazar said: ‘The sages have stated that on that night and at that hour the power of Esau was in the ascendant, and therefore Jacob was left alone, or, from another aspect, the sun was left alone, the light of the moon having been obscured. Nevertheless, the guardianship of Providence did not leave him entirely, so that his antagonist prevailed not against him, as it says: “And when he saw that he prevailed not against him…”.
אִסְתַּכַּל לִימִינָא וְחָמָא לְאַבְרָהָם. אִסְתַּכַּל לִשְׂמָאלָא וְחָמָא לְיִצְחָק. אִסְתַּכַּל בְּגוּפָא וְחָמָא דְאִתְכְּלִיל מִסִּטְרָא דָא וְאִתְכְּלִיל מִסִּטְרָא דָא, כְּדֵין וַיִּגַע בְּכַף יְרֵכוֹ. בְּחַד עַמּוּדָא דְּסָמִיךְ לְגוּפָא דְּאִיהוּ לְבַר מִן גּוּפָא.
He looked to Jacob’s right, and there his gaze met Abraham; he turned to his left, and there he saw Isaac; he looked at Jacob’s body, and he saw that it was a fusion of tht two sides, and so he touched the hollow of his thigh, which is a pillar adjoining the body but is outside the body.
וּבְגִין כָּךְ חוֹנֶה מַלְאַךְ יְיָ סָבִיב לִירֵאָיו וַיְחַלְּצֵם, אַקִּיף לֵיהּ בְּכָל סִטְרוֹי בְּגִין לְשֵׁזָבָא לֵיהּ, וְכַד שָׁרָא שְׁכִינְתָּא בְּגַוֵּיהּ (ס"א לגביה) כַּמָּה חֵילִין וּמַשִּׁרְיָין אָתוּ בַּהֲדֵיהּ, וּמֵאִינוּן מַלְאָכִין שַׁדַּר לְגַבֵּיהּ דְּעֵשָׂו:
In this way, then, the angel encompassed Jacob on all sides to deliver him; and when the Shekinah came down to abide with him, there joined him multitudinous hosts and legions; and it was of those angels that he sent a party to Esau.’
וַיִּשְׁלַח יַעֲקֹב מַלְאָכִים, אָמַר רִבִּי אַבָּא וְכִי אַמַּאי אִתְעַר אִיהוּ לְגַבֵּיהּ דְּעֵשָׂו, וְטַב הֲוָה לֵיהּ לְאִשְׁתּוּקֵי מִנֵּיהּ. אֶלָּא אָמַר יַעֲקֹב יְדַעְנָא דְּעֵשָׂו חַיִּישׁ לֵיהּ לִיקָרָא דְאַבָּא וּלְעָלַם לָא אַרְגִּיז קַמֵּיהּ, וְהָא יְדַעְנָא הוֹאִיל וְאַבָּא קַיָּים לָא מִסְתָּפִינָא מִנֵּיהּ, אֲבָל הַשְׁתָּא (הואיל דאבא קאים בעינא לאתפייס (לאתפייסא)) עִמֵּיהּ, מִיָּד וַיִּשְׁלַח יַעֲקֹב מַלְאָכִים לְפָנָיו.
AND JACOB SENT ANGELS. Said R. Abba: What induced Jacob to make advances towards Esau? Would he not have done better to leave him alone? The truth is that Jacob said to himself: “I am well aware that Esau has great respect for his father and would never cause him any vexation, and so I know that I have no ground to fear him so long as my father is alive. Let me, therefore, effect a reconciliation with him whilst my father is alive.” Straightway, then, Jacob “sent angels before him”.’
וַיִּשְׁלַח יַעֲקֹב מַלְאָכִים. רִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן פָּתַח וְאָמַר, (משלי י״ב:ט׳) טוֹב נִקְלָה וְעֶבֶד לוֹ מִמִּתְכַּבֵּד וַחֲסַר לֶחֶם, הַאי קְרָא עַל יֵצֶר הָרָע אִתְּמָר, בְּגִין דְּאִיהוּ מְקַטְרְגָא תָּדִיר לְגַבֵּי בְּנֵי נָשָׁא, וְיֵצֶר הָרָע אִיהוּ אָרִים לִבֵּיהּ וּרְעוּתֵיהּ דְּבַר נָשׁ בְּגַאֲוָתָא וְאָזִיל אֲבַתְרֵיהּ מְסַלְסֵל שַׂעֲרֵיהּ וּבְרֵישֵׁיהּ עַד דְּאִיהוּ אִתְגָּאֵי עֲלֵיהּ וּמָשִׁיךְ לֵיהּ לַגֵּיהִנֹּם.
R. Simeon opened a discourse on the verse: Better is he that is lightly esteemed, and hath a servant, than he that playeth the man of rank, and lacketh bread (Prov. 12, 9). ‘This verse’, he said, ‘speaks of the evil prompter, who lays plots and unceasingly brings up accusations against a man. He puffs up a man’s heart, encouraging him to arrogance and conceit, and induces him to twirl his hair and carry his head high, until he obtains an ascendancy over him and drags him down to Gehinnom.
אֲבָל טוֹב נִקְלָה, הַהוּא דְּלָא אָזִיל אֲבַתְרֵיהּ דְּיֵצֶר הָרָע וְלָא אִתְגָּאֵי כְּלָל וּמָאִיךְ רוּחֵיהּ וְלִבֵּיהּ וּרְעוּתֵיהּ לְגַבֵּי קוּדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא, וּכְדֵין הַהוּא יֵצֶר הָרָע מִתְהַפֵּךְ לְעֶבֶד לוֹ, דְּלָא יָכִיל לְשַׁלְטָאָה עֲלוֹי, וְהַהוּא בַּר נָשׁ שַׁלִּיט עֲלוֹי כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמֵר, (בראשית ד׳:ז׳) וְאַתָּה תִּמְשָׁל בּוֹ.
Better, therefore, is one who is “lightly esteemed” and who does not follow the evil prompter, but remains humble in heart and spirit and submits himself to the will of the Holy One, blessed be He. The evil prompter is bowed down before such a one, and so far is he from obtaining the mastery over the man that it is the man who obtains the mastery over him, as it says, “but thou mayest rule over him” (Gen. 4, 7).
מִמִּתְכַּבֵּד, כְּמָה דְאֲמָרָן דְּאִיהוּ אוֹקִיר גַּרְמֵיהּ מְסַלְסֵל בְּשַׂעֲרֵיהּ אִתְגָּאֵי בְּרוּחֵיהּ, וְאִיהוּ חֲסַר לֶחֶם, חֲסַר מְהֵימְנוּתָא כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמֵר, (ויקרא כ״א:י״ז) לֶחֶם אֱלֹהָיו וְגו' (ויקרא כ״א:ו׳) לֶחֶם אֱלֹהֵיהֶם הֵם מַקְרִיבִים וְגו'.
Such a man is better than he who “playeth the man of rank”, who has a high opinion of himself, twirls his hair and is full of conceit, as already mentioned above, but “lacketh bread”, to wit, the true faith, which is referred to as “the bread of his God” (Lev. 21, 22) (Ibid. 6).
דָּבָר אַחֵר טוֹב נִקְלָה (ועבד לו), דָּא יַעֲקֹב דְּמָאִיךְ רוּחֵיהּ לְגַבֵּיהּ דְּעֵשָׂו. בְּגִין דִּלְבָתַר לֶיהֱוֵי עֶבֶד לוֹ וְיִשְׁלוֹט עֲלוֹי וְיִתְקַיַּים בֵּיהּ (בראשית כ״ז:כ״ט) יַעַבְדוּךָ עַמִּים וְיִשְׁתַּחֲווּ לְךָ לְאוּמִים וְגו', וַעֲדַיִן לָא הֲוָה זִמְנֵיהּ כְּלַל. אֶלָּא בְּגִין דְּסָלִיק לֵיהּ יַעֲקֹב לְבָתַר יוֹמַיָא, וְעַל דָּא הֲוָה מִיָּד נִקְלָה. וּלְבָתַר הַהוּא דְּאִיהוּ מִתְכַּבֵּד יְהֵא עֶבֶד לוֹ, הַהוּא דְּאִיהוּ חֲסַר לֶחֶם יְהֵא עַבְדָּא לְהַהוּא דְּיַהֲבוּ לֵיהּ רוֹב דָּגָן וְתִירוֹשׁ.
Again, “he who is lightly esteemed” is exemplified in Jacob, who humbled himself before Esau so that the latter should in time become his servant, in fulfilment of the blessing: “Let people serve thee, and nations bow down to thee, etc.” (Gen. 27, 29). For Jacob’s time had not yet arrived, as he deferred it to the future, and in the immediate present he “esteemed himself lightly”. But in the proper time “he that playeth the man of rank” will become the servant to him “that lacketh bread”, to the man who was allotted “plenty of corn and wine” (Ibid. 28).
תָּא חֲזֵי, עַל דָּא בְּגִין דְּיָדַע יַעֲקֹב דְּאִצְטְרִיךְ לֵיהּ, הַשְׁתָּא אִתְהַפַּךְ לֵיהּ נִקְלָה. וְיוֹתֵר חָכְמָה וַעֲקִימוּ עֲבַד בְּדָא, מִכָּל מַה דְּעֲבַד לְגַבֵּי דְעֵשָׂו. דְּאִילוּ הֲוָה יָדַע עֵשָׂו חָכְמָה דָא יִקְטִיל לֵיהּ לְגַרְמֵיהּ וְלָא יֵיתֵי לְדָא, אֲבָל כֹּלָּא עֲבַד בְּחָכְמְתָא, וְעֲלֵיהּ אָמְרָה חַנָּה (שמואל א ב׳:י׳) יְיָ יֵחַתּוּ מְרִיבָיו וְגו' וְיִתֵּן עֹז לְמַלְכּוֹ וְגו':
Jacob knew that it was for the time being necessary for him to humble himself before Esau, and so made himself as one who “esteemed himself lightly”. And, moreover, he displayed therein more craft and subtlety than in all his other dealings with Esau; and had Esau realised this, he would rather have taken his own life than come to such a pass. Jacob thus acted throughout with wisdom, and to him can be applied the words of Hannah: “They that strive with the Lord shall be broken in pieces… and he will give strength unto his king, etc.” (I Sam. 2, 10).’