אסתר רבה 6

אַשְׁרֵי שֹׁמְרֵי מִשְׁפָּט עֹשֵׂה צְדָקָה בְכָל עֵת (תהלים קו, ג), נִמְנוּ בַּעֲלִיַּת רַבִּי טַרְפוֹן וְאָמְרוּ אֵיזֶה הוּא שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה צְדָקָה בְכָל עֵת, אִם תֹּאמַר אֵלּוּ סוֹפְרִים וּמַשְׁנִים, אֵינָן לֹא אוֹכְלִים וְלֹא שׁוֹתִין וְלֹא יְשֵׁנִים, אֶלָּא אֵלּוּ כּוֹתְבֵי תְּפִלִּין וּמְזוּזוֹת, אֵינָן לֹא אוֹכְלִים וְלֹא שׁוֹתִין וְלֹא יְשֵׁנִים, אֶלָּא אֵיזֶהוּ עוֹשֵׂה צְדָקָה בְכָל עֵת, הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר זֶה הַמְגַדֵּל יָתוֹם בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ. תֵּימַר שֶׁאֵין מִתְגַּלְגֵּל עָרֹם בַּלַּיְלָה, אָמְרוּ עֲדַיִן צְרִיכִין אָנוּ לְמוֹדָעִי, בָּא רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר הַמּוֹדָעִי וְלִמֵּד לֹא דִּבְּרָה תּוֹרָה אֶלָּא מִתּוֹךְ פְּרוּסָה שֶׁאוֹכְלָהּ בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אַשְׁרֵי שֹׁמְרֵי מִשְׁפָּט, זֶה מָרְדֳּכַי, עֹשֵׂה צְדָקָה בְכָל עֵת, שֶׁגִּדֵּל יְתוֹמָה בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ. אָמַר דָּוִד לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם (תהלים קו, ג): זָכְרֵנִי ה' בִּרְצוֹן עַמֶּךָ, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁתַּעֲשֶׂה תְּשׁוּעָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל עַל יְדֵי מָרְדֳּכַי וְאֶסְתֵּר, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁבִּקֵּשׁ הָמָן לְהַשְׁמִיד אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל וְשָׁקַל עֲשֶׂרֶת אֲלָפִים כִּכַּר כֶּסֶף עַל יְדֵי עוֹשֵׂי מְלֶאכֶת אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ, דִּכְתִיב (אסתר ג, ט): וַעֲשֶׂרֶת אֲלָפִים כִּכַּר כֶּסֶף וגו', מַה כְּתִיב שָׁם, אִישׁ יְהוּדִי וגו'.

“Happy are those who observe the law, who act with righteousness at all times” (Psalms 106:3). They were counted¹They assembled to vote to decide matters of halakha. in the loft of Rabbi Tarfon and said: Who is the one who acts with righteousness at all times? If you say that these are scribes²Those who teach Bible. and Mishna teachers; do they not eat, drink, and sleep? Rather, are they writers of phylacteries and mezuzot; do they not eat, drink, and sleep? Rather, who is the one who acts with righteousness at all times? You must say: This one, who raises an orphan in his house.³This is an allusion to Mordekhai, who raised Esther after her parents died. Wouldn’t you say that he doesn’t turn over naked at night?⁴When the orphan who is sleepingturns over and is uncovered, he is not benefiting from the kindness of his foster parent. They said: We still need the moda’i [from Modi’in], as Rabbi Elazar HaModa’i came and taught: The Torah referred only to the slice of bread that he eats in his house.⁵Since the orphan is sustained by the food he eats in his foster parent’s house, righteousness is being done for him at all times.
Alternatively, “happy are those who observe the law” – that is Mordekhai; “who act with righteousness at all times” – because he raised an orphan girl in his house. David said before the Holy One blessed be He: Master of the universe: “Remember me, Lord, when You favor Your people” (Psalms 106:4) – when You bring salvation for Israel by means of Mordekhai and Esther, when Haman sought to destroy Israel and weighed out ten thousand silver talents by means of the king’s craftsmen, as it is written: “And ten thousand talents of silver…” (Esther 3:9). What is written there? “There was a Judean man in the Shushan citadel, and his name was Mordekhai…” (Esther 2:5).

אִישׁ יְהוּדִי הָיָה בְּשׁוּשַׁן הַבִּירָה (אסתר ב, ה), אִישׁ מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהָיָה מָרְדֳּכַי שָׁקוּל בְּדוֹרוֹ כְּמשֶׁה בְּדוֹרוֹ, דִּכְתִיב בֵּיהּ (במדבר יב, ג): וְהָאִישׁ משֶׁה עָנָו מְאֹד, מַה מּשֶׁה עָמַד בַּפֶּרֶץ, דִּכְתִיב (תהלים קו, כג): וַיֹּאמֶר לְהַשְׁמִידָם לוּלֵי משֶׁה בְחִירוֹ עָמַד בַּפֶּרֶץ וגו', אַף מָרְדֳּכַי כֵּן, דִּכְתִיב (אסתר י, ג): דֹּרֵשׁ טוֹב לְעַמּוֹ וְדֹבֵר שָׁלוֹם לְכָל זַרְעוֹ. מַה מּשֶׁה לִמֵּד תּוֹרָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, דִּכְתִיב (דברים ד, ה): רְאֵה לִמַּדְתִּי אֶתְכֶם חֻקִּים וּמִשְׁפָּטִים, אַף מָרְדֳּכַי כֵּן, דִּכְתִיב (אסתר ט, ל): דִּבְרֵי שָׁלוֹם וֶאֱמֶת, וּכְתִיב (משלי כג, כג): אֱמֶת קְנֵה וְאַל תִּמְכֹּר. וּשְׁמוֹ מָרְדֳּכַי. הָרְשָׁעִים קוֹדְמִין לִשְׁמָן, (שמואל א כה, כה): נָבָל שְׁמוֹ, (שמואל ב כ, כא): שֶׁבַע בֶּן בִּכְרִי שְׁמוֹ. אֲבָל הַצַּדִּיקִים שְׁמָן קוֹדֵם לָהֶם (שופטים יג, ב): וּשְׁמוֹ מָנוֹחַ, (שמואל א ט, א): וּשְׁמוֹ קִישׁ, (שמואל א ט, א): וּשְׁמוֹ שָׁאוּל, (שמואל א א, א): וּשְׁמוֹ אֶלְקָנָה, (רות ב, א): וּשְׁמוֹ בֹּעַז. וּשְׁמוֹ מָרְדֳּכַי, לְפִי שֶׁדּוֹמִין לְבוֹרְאָן, דִּכְתִיב (שמות ו, ג): וּשְׁמִי ה' לֹא נוֹדַעְתִּי לָהֶם. יְהוּדִי, לָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ יְהוּדִי, וַהֲלֹא יְמִינִי הוּא, לְפִי שֶׁיִּחֵד שְׁמוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כְּנֶגֶד כָּל בָּאֵי עוֹלָם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב לֹא יִכְרַע וְלֹא יִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה. וְכִי קַנְתְּרָן הָיָה וְעוֹבֵר עַל גְּזֵרַת הַמֶּלֶךְ, אֶלָּא כְּשֶׁצִּוָּה אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ לְהִשְׁתַּחֲווֹת לְהָמָן, חָקַק עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים עַל לִבּוֹ, וְנִתְכַּוֵּן כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּשְׁתַּחֲווּ לַעֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים, וּכְשֶׁהָיָה רוֹאֶה הָמָן שֶׁאֵין מָרְדֳּכַי מִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לוֹ, נִתְמַלֵּא חֵמָה, וּמָרְדֳּכַי אוֹמֵר לוֹ יֵשׁ אָדוֹן הַמִּתְגָּאֶה עַל כָּל גֵּאִים, הֵיאַךְ אֲנִי מַנִּיחוֹ וְאֶשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לַעֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים, וּלְפִי שֶׁיִּחֵד שְׁמוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נִקְרָא יְהוּדִי, לוֹמַר יְהוּדִי יְחִידִי. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁהָיָה שָׁקוּל כְּאַבְרָהָם בְּדוֹרוֹ, מָה אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ מָסַר אֶת עַצְמוֹ לְתוֹךְ כִּבְשַׁן הָאֵשׁ וְהֶחֱזִיר וְהִכִּיר לַבְּרִיּוֹת גְּדֻלָּתוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (בראשית יב, ה): וְאֶת הַנֶּפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ בְחָרָן, אַף מָרְדֳּכַי בְּיָמָיו הִכִּירוּ הַבְּרִיּוֹת גְּדֻלָּתוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (אסתר ח, יז): וְרַבִּים מֵעַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ מִתְיַהֲדִים, וְיִיחֵד שְׁמוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְקִדְּשׁוֹ, וּלְפִיכָךְ נִקְרָא יְהוּדִי, דִּכְתִיב: אִישׁ יְהוּדִי, אַל תִּקְרֵי יְהוּדִי אֶלָּא יְחִידִי.

“There was a Judean man in the Shushan citadel, and his name was Mordekhai, son of Ya'ir, son of Shimi, son of Kish, a Benjamite” (Esther 2:5).
“There was a Judean man [ish] in the Shushan citadel” – ish teaches that Mordekhai, in his generation, was the equivalent of Moses, in his generation, as it is written about him: “And the man [veha’ish] Moses was very humble” (Numbers 12:3). Just as Moses stood in the breach, as it is written: “He said He would destroy them, were it not for Moses His chosen one, who stood before Him in the breach…” (Psalms 106:23); also Mordekhai did likewise: “A seeker of good for his people and spokesman of peace for all his descendants” (Esther 10:3).
Just as Moses taught Torah to Israel, as it is written: “See, I have taught you statutes and ordinances” (Deuteronomy 4:5), also Mordekhai did so, as it is written: “Matters of peace and truth” (Esther 9:30), and as it is written: “Acquire truth and do not sell” (Proverbs 23:23).
“And his name was Mordekhai” (Esther 2:5) – the wicked precede their names: “Naval was his name” (I Samuel 25:25); “Sheva ben Bikhri was his name” (II Samuel 20:21). However, the righteous, their names precede them: “And his name was Manoaḥ” (Judges 13:2); “And his name was Kish” (I Samuel 9:1); “And his name was Elkana” (I Samuel 1:1); “And his name was Boaz” (Ruth 2:1); “And his name was Mordekhai.” It is because they are similar to their Creator, as it is written: “But by My name, the Lord, I was not known by them” (Exodus 6:3).
“Judean” – why was he called Judean? Was he not a Benjaminite?⁶Mordekhai is identified as coming from the tribe of Benjamin in Esther 2:5. It is because he unified the name of the Holy One blessed be He⁷Actions which assert that there is only one God are referred to as “unifying the name.” before all creatures; that is what is written: “[And Mordekhai] would not bow and would not prostrate himself” (Esther 3:2). Was he contrary and violating the king’s decree? Rather, when Aḥashverosh commanded [everyone] to prostrate themselves to Haman, he [Haman] carved an idol [and set it] over his heart, intending that they prostrate themselves to the idol.
When Haman saw that Mordekhai would not prostrate himself to him, he was filled with fury. Mordekhai said to him: ‘There is a Master who exalts over all the exalted; how can I forsake him and prostrate myself to an idol?’ Because he unified the name of the Holy One blessed be He, he is called Judean [Yehudi], meaning by himself [yeḥidi].⁸Just as God is only one [yeḥidi] so was Mordekhai called yeḥidi.
Some say that he was the equivalent of Abraham in his generation. Just as Abraham allowed himself to be put into the fiery furnace and went about causing people to acknowledge the greatness of the Holy One blessed be He – that is what is written: “And the souls they had gotten in Ḥaran” (Genesis 12:5), so too, Mordekhai, in his time, people acknowledged the greatness of the Holy One blessed be He. That is what is written: “Many of the peoples of the land became Jews, as the fear of the Jews had fallen upon them” (Esther 8:17). He unified the name of the Holy One blessed be He, and sanctified it. Therefore, he is called yehudi, as it is written: “A Judean [yehudi] man” – don’t read it as yehudi, but rather, as yeḥidi.

הָיָה, אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן כָּל מִי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בּוֹ הָיָה, הוּא תְּחִלָּתוֹ וְהוּא סוֹפוֹ. אֲתִיבוּן לֵיהּ וְהָכְתִיב (יחזקאל לג, כד): אֶחָד הָיָה אַבְרָהָם, מֵעַתָּה הוּא תְּחִלָּתוֹ וְהוּא סוֹפוֹ, אֲמַר לוֹן אַף הִיא לָא תָּבְרָה, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא וְרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן תַּרְוֵויהוֹן בֶּן שָׁלשׁ שָׁנִים הִכִּיר אַבְרָהָם אֶת בּוֹרְאוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (בראשית כו, ה): עֵקֶב אֲשֶׁר שָׁמַע אַבְרָהָם בְּקֹלִי, מִנְיַן עֵקֶב שָׁמַע אַבְרָהָם בְּקוֹל בּוֹרְאוֹ, וַהֲווֹ שְׁנוֹתָיו מֵאָה שִׁבְעִים וְחָמֵשׁ, מַה מְּקַיֵּם בּוֹ, הָיָה, שֶׁהָיָה מְתֻקָּן לְהַדְרִיךְ כָּל הָעוֹלָם כֻּלּוֹ בִּתְשׁוּבָה, (בראשית ג, כב): הֵן הָאָדָם הָיָה, שֶׁהָיָה מְתֻקָּן לְמִיתָה. (בראשית ג, א): וְהַנָּחָשׁ הָיָה עָרוּם, מְתֻקָּן לְפֻרְעָנוּת. (בראשית ד, ב): וְקַיִּן הָיָה עֹבֵד אֲדָמָה, מְתֻקָּן לְגָלוּת, כְּמָא דְאַתְּ אָמַר (בראשית ד, טז): וַיֵּצֵא קַיִּן מִלִּפְנֵי ה' וגו' לוֹמַר נָע וָנָד. (איוב א, א): אִישׁ הָיָה בְאֶרֶץ עוּץ, מְתֻקָּן לְיִסּוּרִין. (בראשית ו, ט): נֹחַ אִישׁ צַדִּיק תָּמִים הָיָה, הָיָה מְתֻקָּן לְהַכִּיר בּוֹרְאוֹ. (שמות ג, א): וּמשֶׁה הָיָה רֹעֶה, הָיָה מְתֻקָּן לִגְאֻלָּה. מָרְדֳּכַי הָיָה מְתֻקָּן לִגְאֻלָּה. רַבִּי לֵוִי וְרַבָּנָן, רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר כָּל מִי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בּוֹ, הָיָה, רָאָה עוֹלָם חָדָשׁ. אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן וַחֲמִשָּׁה הֵן: נֹחַ, אֶתְמוֹל (איוב יד, יט): אֲבָנִים שָׁחֲקוּ מַיִם, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אֲפִלּוּ אִצְטְרוּבּוֹלִין שֶׁל רֵחַיִם נִמּוֹחוּ בִּימֵי הַמַּבּוּל, וְהָכָא אָמַר (בראשית ט, יח): וַיִּהְיוּ בְנֵי נֹחַ הַיֹּצְאִים מִן הַתֵּבָה, לוֹמַר רָאָה עוֹלָם חָדָשׁ. יוֹסֵף, אֶתְמוֹל (תהלים קה, יח): עִנּוּ בַכֶּבֶל, וְעַכְשָׁו (בראשית מב, ו): וְיוֹסֵף הוּא הַשַּׁלִּיט עַל הָאָרֶץ, אֶלָּא רָאָה עוֹלָם חָדָשׁ. משֶׁה, אֶתְמוֹל בּוֹרֵחַ מִפְּנֵי פַּרְעֹה, וְעַכְשָׁו מְשַׁקְּעוֹ בַּיָּם, אֶלָּא שֶׁרָאָה עוֹלָם חָדָשׁ. אִיּוֹב, אֶתְמוֹל (איוב טז, יג): יִשְׁפֹּךְ לָאָרֶץ מְרֵרָתִי, וְעַכְשָׁו (איוב מב, י): וַיֹּסֶף ה' אֶת כָּל אֲשֶׁר לְאִיּוֹב לְמִשְׁנֶה, אֶלָּא רָאָה עוֹלָם חָדָשׁ. מָרְדֳּכַי, אֶתְמוֹל וַיִּלְבַּשׁ שַׂק וָאֵפֶר, וְעַכְשָׁו יָצָא מִלִּפְנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ בִּלְבוּשׁ מַלְכוּת. וּשְׁמוֹ מָרְדֳּכַי. מַה מֹּר רֹאשׁ לְכָל הַבְּשָׂמִים, אַף מָרְדֳּכַי רֹאשׁ לַצַּדִּיקִים בְּדוֹרוֹ.

“Was [haya] [a Judean man in the Shushan citadel]….” Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Everyone about whom “haya” is stated, it is he at the beginning and it is he at the end.⁹ He was righteous from beginning to end. They objected to him; but isn’t it written: “One was [haya] Abraham” (Ezekiel 33:24)?¹⁰ Abraham began his life as an idolater; he wasn’t the same at the beginning and the end. He said to them: That is not, in fact, a refutation, as Rabbi Ḥanina and Rabbi Yoḥanan said: At age three Abraham identified his Creator. That is what is written: “Because [ekev] Abraham heeded My voice” (Genesis 26:5). The number of years that Abraham heeded the voice of his Creator is the equivalent of ekev (172),¹¹Ayin – 70, kof –100, beit – 2 and he lived one hundred and seventy-five years. [If one does not accept this explanation,] how do I find expression for haya about him? It means that he was fated from the beginning to guide the entire world to repent.¹²Although Abraham was not a believer in God his whole life, he had the potential from the beginning.
“[The Lord God said:] Behold, the man has become [haya] [like one of us, knowing good and evil]” (Genesis 3:22) – he became fated to die. “The serpent was [haya] more cunning” (Genesis 3:1) – he was fated for punishment. “Cain was [haya] a cultivator of the ground” (Genesis 4:2) – he was fated for exile, as you say: “Cain departed from the presence of the Lord” (Genesis 4:16); saying that he would be “restless and wandering” (Genesis 4:12). “There was [haya] a man in the land of Utz” (Job 1:1) – he was fated for suffering. “Noah, a righteous man, was [haya] faultless” (Genesis 6:9) – he was fated to acknowledge his Creator. “Moses was [haya] herding (Exodus 3:1) – he was fated for salvation. Mordekhai was fated for redemption.
Rabbi Levi and the Rabbis: Rabbi Levi said: Anyone about whom haya is stated witnessed a new world. Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said: They are five.
Noah – yesterday “Water eroded stone” (Job 14:19), as Rabbi Levi said in the name of Rabbi Yoḥanan: Even millstones were dissolved during the flood, and now [after the flood] it says: “The sons of Noah who emerged from the ark…” (Genesis 9:18),¹³Immediately following this verse, the Torah relates how the earth was repopulated by Noah’s sons while Noah was alive. indicating that he witnessed a new world.
Joseph – yesterday “they tortured [his feet] with chains” (Psalms 105:18), and now “And Joseph was [haya] was the ruler over the land” (Genesis 42:6); that is, he witnessed a new world.
Moses – yesterday he was fleeing from Pharaoh and now he is drowning him in the sea; that is, he witnessed a new world.
Job – yesterday “He spills my bile onto the ground” (Job 16:13), and now “and the Lord gave Job double what he had had” (Job 42:10); that is, he witnessed a new world.
Mordekhai – yesterday “he wore sackcloth and ashes” (Esther 4:1), and now “he emerged from before the king in royal garments” (Esther 8:15).
“And his name was Mordekhai” (Esther 2:5). Just as myrrh [mor] is first of all the spices,¹⁴It is first on the list of ingredients of the sacred oil of anointment (Exodus 30:23). so was Mordekhai first among the righteous in his generation.

אֲשֶׁר הָגְלָה מִירוּשָׁלַיִם (אסתר ב, ו), רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה וְרַבִּי יִרְמְיָה וְרַבִּי חִיָּא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹסֵי, כַּד הֲווֹ מָטוֹ רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן וְרַבָּנָן לְהַאי פְּסוּקָא אֲשֶׁר הֶגְלָה נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר, הֲווֹ אָמְרִין נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר שְׁחִיק עֲצָמוֹת, וְלָמָּה לָא הֲוָה אָמְרִין כֵּן בְּיִרְמְיָה, אֶלָּא שֶׁכָּל נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר שֶׁבְּיִרְמְיָה חַי הֲוָה, בְּרַם הָכָא מֵת הֲוָה.

“Who had been exiled from Jerusalem with the exile that was exiled with Yekhonya king of Judah, whom Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylonia exiled” (Esther 2:6).
“Who had been exiled from Jerusalem” – Rabbi Berekhya, and Rabbi Yirmeya, and Rabbi Ḥiyya in the name of Rabbi Yosei said: When Rabbi Yonatan and the Rabbis would reach this verse: “…whom Nebuchadnezzar [king of Babylon] exiled,” they would say: Nebuchadnezzar, may his bones be crushed. Why didn’t they say so in the book of Jeremiah? It is only because in every mention of Nebuchadnezzar in Jeremiah, he was alive; here however, he was dead.

וַיְהִי אֹמֵן אֶת הֲדַסָּה (אסתר ב, ז), מָה הֲדַסָּה רֵיחָהּ מָתוֹק וְטַעֲמָהּ מַר, כָּךְ הָיְתָה אֶסְתֵּר מְתוּקָה לְמָרְדֳּכַי וּמָרָה לְהָמָן. כִּי אֵין לָהּ אָב וָאֵם, רַבִּי פִּנְחָס וְרַבִּי חָמָא בַּר גּוּרְיוֹן בְּשֵׁם רַב וְכִי שְׁתוּקִית הָיְתָה דְּאַתְּ אָמַר כִּי אֵין לָהּ אָב וָאֵם, אֶלָּא עִבְּרַתָּהּ אִמָּהּ מֵת אָבִיהָ, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁנּוֹלְדָה מֵתָה אִמָּהּ.

“He fostered Hadassa, that is, Esther, his uncle’s daughter, for she had neither father nor mother, and the girl was fair and beautiful; and with the death of her father and her mother Mordekhai took her for his own daughter” (Esther 2:7).
“He fostered Hadassa” – just as myrtle [hadassa] has a sweet fragrance and a bitter taste, so was Esther sweet to Mordekhai and bitter to Haman. “For she had neither father nor mother” – Rabbi Pinḥas and Rabbi Ḥama bar Guryon said in the name of Rav: Was she a girl whose parents are unknown, that you say: “For she had neither father nor mother”? Rather, when her mother conceived, her father died, and when she was born, her mother died.

כְּתִיב (שמות יז, יד): וְשִׂים בְּאָזְנֵי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, זֶה אֶחָד מֵאַרְבָּעָה צַדִּיקִים שֶׁנִּתַּן לָהֶם רֶמֶז, שְׁנַיִם חָשׁוּ וּשְׁנַיִם לֹא חָשׁוּ, משֶׁה נִתַּן לוֹ רֶמֶז וְלֹא חָשׁ, יַעֲקֹב נִתַּן לוֹ רֶמֶז וְלֹא חָשׁ, דָּוִד וּמָרְדֳּכַי נִתַּן לָהֶם רֶמֶז וְחָשׁוּ. יַעֲקֹב אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא (בראשית כח, טו): וּשְׁמַרְתִּיךָ בְּכָל אֲשֶׁר תֵּלֵךְ, וַיִּירָא, אָדָם שֶׁהִבְטִיחוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הָיָה מִתְפַּחֵד, דִּכְתִיב (בראשית לב, ח): וַיִּירָא יַעֲקֹב וגו', אֶלָּא אָמַר שֶׁמָּא כְּשֶׁהָיִיתִי בְּבֵית לָבָן הַטָּמֵא נִתְלַכְלַכְתִּי בְּטֻמְאָה. משֶׁה, וְשִׂים בְּאָזְנֵי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, לוֹמַר שֶׁאַתָּה מֵת וִיהוֹשֻׁעַ מַכְנִיס יִשְׂרָאֵל לָאָרֶץ, וּכְתִיב (דברים ג, כג): וָאֶתְחַנַּן אֶל ה', אֲבָל דָּוִד וּמָרְדֳּכַי נִתַּן לָהֶם רֶמֶז וְחָשׁוּ, דָּוִד אָמַר (שמואל א יז, לו): גַּם אֶת הָאֲרִי גַּם הַדֹּב הִכָּה עַבְדֶּךָ, אָמַר דָּוִד וְכִי מָה אֲנִי סָפוּן שֶׁהִכֵּיתִי חַיּוֹת רָעוֹת אֵלּוּ, אֶלָּא אָמַר שֶׁמָּא דָּבָר עָתִיד לֵיאָרַע אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל וְהֵן עֲתִידִין לִנָּצֵל עַל יָדִי. מָרְדֳּכַי, וּבְכָל יוֹם וָיוֹם מָרְדֳּכַי מִתְהַלֵּךְ לִפְנֵי חֲצַר בֵּית הַנָּשִׁים, אָמַר אֶפְשָׁר לְצַדֶּקֶת זֹאת שֶׁתִּנָּשֵׂא לְעָרֵל, אֶלָּא שֶׁעָתִיד דָּבָר גָּדוֹל שֶׁיֵּאָרַע עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל וַעֲתִידִים לְהִנָּצֵל עַל יָדֶיהָ.

It is written: “And set it in the ears of Joshua” (Exodus 17:14), this is one of four righteous people to whom a portent was given; two sensed it and two did not sense it. A portent was given to Moses, but he did not sense it. A portent was given to Jacob, but he did not sense it. A portent was given to David and Mordekhai, and they sensed it.
Jacob – the Holy One blessed be He said to him: “I will protect you wherever you go” (Genesis 28:15), and he was frightened. A person to whom the Holy One blessed be He made a promise was frightened, as it is written: “He was frightened” (Genesis 32:8)? Rather, he said: Perhaps when I was in the house of Laban the impure, I became sullied with impurity.
Moses – “and set it in the ears of Joshua,” indicating that Joshua will lead Israel into the land. And it is written: “I pleaded with the Lord [… please let me cross over and see the good land on the other side of the Jordan]” (Deuteronomy 3:23-25).
However, David and Mordekhai were given a portent and they sensed it. David said: “Your servant has smitten both the lion and the bear” (I Samuel 17:36). David said: Am I so important that I was able to smite these wild beasts? Rather, he said: Perhaps an event is destined to befall Israel, and they are destined to be rescued by me.
Mordekhai – “Mordekhai would walk before the courtyard of the harem” (Esther 2:11). He said: Is it possible that this righteous one [Esther] will mary an uncircumcised man? Rather, a great event is destined to befall Israel and they are destined to be rescued by her.

רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי, אָמַר לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, אַתֶּם בְּכִיתֶם וַאֲמַרְתֶּם (איכה ה, ג): יְתוֹמִים הָיִינוּ וְאֵין אָב, חַיֵּיכֶם אַף הַגּוֹאֵל שֶׁאֲנִי עָתִיד לְהַעֲמִיד לָכֶם בְּמָדַי לֹא יִהְיֶה לוֹ אָב וָאֵם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: כִּי אֵין לָהּ אָב וָאֵם.

Rabbi Berekhya said in the name of Rabbi Levi: The Holy One blessed be He said to them, to Israel: You wept and said: “We have become orphans, fatherless” (Lamentations 5:3). By your lives, also the savior that I will establish for you in Media in the future will not have a mother or father. That is what is written: “For she had neither father nor mother.”

וּבְכָל יוֹם וָיוֹם מָרְדֳּכַי מִתְהַלֵּךְ לִפְנֵי חֲצַר בֵּית הַנָּשִׁים (אסתר ב, יא), לִשְׁאֹל עַל כִּתְמָהּ וְעַל נִדּוּתָהּ. לָדַעַת אֶת שְׁלוֹם אֶסְתֵּר, שֶׁלֹּא יַעֲשׂוּ לָהּ כְּשָׁפִים. אָמַר רַבִּי יַעֲקֹב בַּר אַחָא אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אַתָּה דָרַשְׁתָּ שְׁלוֹם נֶפֶשׁ אַחַת, לָדַעַת אֶת שְׁלוֹם אֶסְתֵּר, חַיֶּיךָ סוֹפְךָ לִדְרשׁ שְׁלוֹם אֻמָּה שְׁלֵמָה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: דֹּרֵשׁ טוֹב לְעַמּוֹ וְדֹבֵר שָׁלוֹם לְכָל זַרְעוֹ.

“On each day, Mordekhai would walk before the courtyard of the harem, to find out how Esther was, and what would be done with her” (Esther 2:11).
“On each day, Mordekhai would walk before the courtyard of the harem” – [to give her the opportunity] to ask about her blood stains and her menstrual status.¹⁵According to the midrash, Mordekhai was the head of the Sanhedrin and Esther would ask him halakhic questions about her status as a menstruant. “To find out how Esther was” – that they should not cast any spells of sorcery upon her. Rabbi Yaakov bar Aḥa said: The Holy One blessed be He said to him: You sought to ascertain the wellbeing of one person – “to find out how Esther was”; by your life, ultimately you will seek to ascertain the wellbeing of an entire nation. That is what is written: “Seeking good for his people and speaking of peace for all his descendants” (Esther 10:3).

וּבְהַגִּיעַ תֹּר אֶסְתֵּר וגו' וַתְּהִי אֶסְתֵּר נֹשֵׂאת חֵן בְּעֵינֵי כָּל רֹאֶיהָ (אסתר ב, טו), רַבִּי יוּדָא אוֹמֵר כָּאִיקוֹנִין הַזֶּה שֶׁאֶלֶף בְּנֵי אָדָם מַבִּיטִים בָּהּ וְהִיא עֲרֵבָה עַל כֻּלָּם. רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה אוֹמֵר הֶעֱמִידוּ מָדִיּוֹת מִכָּאן וּפַרְסִיּוֹת מִכָּאן וְהָיְתָה אֶסְתֵּר יָפָה מִכֻּלָּן. רַבָּנָן אָמְרִין וַתְּהִי אֶסְתֵּר נֹשֵׂאת חֵן בְּעֵינֵי כָּל רֹאֶיהָ, בְּעֵינֵי הָעֶלְיוֹנִים וּבְעֵינֵי הַתַּחְתּוֹנִים, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (משלי ג, ד): וּמְצָא חֵן וְשֵׂכֶל טוֹב בְּעֵינֵי אֱלֹהִים וְאָדָם.

“With the arrival of the turn of Esther, daughter of Aviḥayil uncle of Mordekhai, who had taken her as his daughter, to go to the king, she did not request anything except that which Hegai, the king's official, guardian of the women, said; and Esther found favor in the eyes of everyone who saw her” (Esther 2:15).
“With the arrival of the turn of Esther…Esther found favor in the eyes of everyone who saw her” – Rabbi Yuda says: Like that portrait that a thousand people look at and it is beautiful to them all. Rabbi Neḥemya says: They positioned Median women on one side and Persian women on the other side and Esther was more beautiful than them all. The Rabbis said: “And Esther found favor in the eyes of everyone who saw her” – in the eyes of the higher beings [angels] and of the lower [humans]; that is what is written: “And you shall find favor and good grace in the eyes of God and man” (Proverbs 3:4).

וַתִּלָּקַח אֶסְתֵּר אֶל הַמֶּלֶךְ אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ (אסתר ב, טז), מִתְעַלָּה בְּלִקּוּחִין, דֵּין אֲמַר אֲנָא יָהֵיב מְאָה דִּינָרִין וְעָלֵיל עִמָּהּ, וְדֵין אֲמַר אֲנָא יָהֵיב תַּרְתֵּין מָאוָון וְעָלֵיל עִמָּהּ.

“Esther was taken to King Ahashverosh, to his royal palace, in the tenth month, which is the month of Tevet, in the seventh year of his reign” (Esther 2:16).
“Esther was taken [vatilakaḥ] to King Aḥashverosh” – she was rising in price [likuḥin]; this one said: I will give one hundred dinars to escort her to the king, and that one said: I will give two hundred to escort her to the king.

וַיֶּאֱהַב הַמֶּלֶךְ אֶת אֶסְתֵּר מִכָּל הַנָּשִׁים וַתִּשָֹּׂא חֵן וָחֶסֶד וגו' (אסתר ב, יז), רַבִּי חֶלְבּוֹ אָמַר מְלַמֵּד שֶׁאַף הַנְּשׂוּאוֹת הֵבִיאוּ לְפָנָיו, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: מִכָּל הַנָּשִׁים וּמִכָּל הַבְּתוּלוֹת. וַיָּשֶׂם כֶּתֶר מַלְכוּת בְּרֹאשָׁהּ וַיַּמְלִיכֶהָ תַּחַת וַשְׁתִּי, עַד שֶׁהִמְלִיכוּ אֶת אֶסְתֵּר הָיְתָה אִיקוֹנִין שֶׁל וַשְׁתִּי קַיֶּמֶת, כֵּיוָן שֶׁנָּשָׂא אֶת אֶסְתֵּר, בַּת טוֹבִים, בַּת גְּנוּסִים, אָמַר תֵּיחוֹת וַשְׁתִּי תִּיסַק אֶסְתֵּר, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: וַיַּמְלִיכֶהָ תַּחַת וַשְׁתִּי.

“The king loved Esther more than all the women, and she found favor and grace in his eyes more than all the virgins. He set the royal crown on her head, and made her queen in place of Vashti” (Esther 2:17).
“The king loved Esther more than all the women, and she found favor and grace [more than all the virgins]” – Rabbi Ḥelbo said: This teaches that they brought even married women before him, therefore it is stated: “More than all the women…more than all the virgins.”
“He placed the royal crown on her head, and he made her queen in place of Vashti.” Until they made Esther queen, the portrait of Vashti was still extant; once he married Esther, well born and of noble descent, he said: Take down Vashti and hang up Esther; that is what is written: “And made her queen in place of Vashti.”

אֵין אֶסְתֵּר מַגֶּדֶת מוֹלַדְתָּהּ (אסתר ב, כ), מְלַמֵּד שֶׁתָּפְשָׂה שְׁתִיקָה בְעַצְמָהּ כְּרָחֵל זְקֶנְתָּהּ שֶׁתָּפְשָׂה פֶּלֶךְ שְׁתִיקָה, עָמְדוּ כָּל גְּדוֹלֵי זַרְעָה בִּשְׁתִיקָה. רָחֵל תָּפְשָׂה פֶּלֶךְ שְׁתִיקָה, רָאֲתָה סִבְלוֹנוֹתֶיהָ בְּיַד אֲחוֹתָהּ, וְשָׁתְקָה. בִּנְיָמִין בְּנָהּ תָּפַשׂ בִּשְׁתִיקָה, תֵּדַע שֶׁאַבְנוֹ שֶׁהָיְתָה בַּחשֶׁן הָיְתָה יָשְׁפֵה, לוֹמַר יוֹדֵעַ הָיָה בִּמְכִירַת יוֹסֵף וְשׁוֹתֵק. יָשְׁפֵה, יֵשׁ פֶּה וְשׁוֹתֵק. שָׁאוּל בֶּן בְּנָהּ (שמואל א י, טז): וְאֶת דְּבַר הַמְלוּכָה לֹא הִגִּיד לוֹ. אֶסְתֵּר, אֵין אֶסְתֵּר מַגֶּדֶת מוֹלַדְתָּהּ וְאֶת עַמָּהּ.

“Esther did not disclose her family or her people, as Mordekhai had commanded her; Esther followed Mordekhai’s instructions, as it was when she was fostered by him” (Esther 2:20).
“Esther did not disclose her family” – teaching that she practiced silence for herself, like her ancestor Rachel, who practiced the craft of silence; all her great descendants maintained silence. Rachel adopted the craft of silence – she saw her betrothal gifts in the possession of her sister and she was silent. Benjamin her son practiced silence – know, as his stone in the breast piece was a chalcedony [yashefe], [i.e.,] he had a mouth [yesh peh],¹⁶He knew that his brothers had sold Joseph. but was silent. Saul, her grandson¹⁷Not literally her grandson, but descendant. – “but the matter of the kingdom…he did not tell him” (I Samuel 10:16). Esther – “Esther did not disclose her family or her people.”

בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם וּמָרְדֳּכַי יוֹשֵׁב בְּשַׁעַר הַמֶּלֶךְ קָצַף בִּגְתָן וָתֶרֶשׁ שְׁנֵי סָרִיסֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ וגו' (אסתר ב, כא), מַה קִּצָּפוֹן הָיָה שָׁם, מַעֲבִיר שְׁנַיִם וּמֵשִׁיב אֶחָד, מַעֲבִיר שְׁנֵי קְלַסָרִיקִין שֶׁהֵן שׁוֹמְרֵי הַסַּף וּמוֹשִׁיב הַבַּרְבָּרִי הַזֶּה. יוֹשֵׁב בְּשַׁעַר הַמֶּלֶךְ, רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר, כְּתִיב (תהלים מו, ט): לְכוּ חֲזוּ מִפְעֲלוֹת ה' אֲשֶׁר שָׂם שַׁמּוֹת בָּאָרֶץ, הִקְצִיף עֲבָדִים עַל יַד אֲדוֹנֵיהֶם לָתֵת גְּדֻלָּה לַצַּדִּיקִים, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: קָצַף בִּגְתָן וָתֶרֶשׁ וגו', לָתֵת גְּדֻלָּה לְמָרְדֳּכַי, מַקְצִיף אֲדוֹנִים עַל עַבְדֵיהֶם לָתֵת גְּדֻלָּה לְיוֹסֵף, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (בראשית מא, י): פַּרְעֹה קָצַף עַל עֲבָדָיו.

“In those days, Mordekhai was sitting at the king's gate; two of the king's officials, Bigtan and Teresh, among the doorkeepers, became angry and sought to lay hands on King Aḥashverosh” (Esther 2:21).
“In those days, Mordekhai was sitting at the king's gate; two of the king's officials, Bigtan and Teresh […became angry]” – what was the anger there? He relieved two and set one in their place; he relieved two aristocrats who were the doorkeepers and set that barbarian [in their place].¹⁸They took Mordekhai to be a barbarian.
“Was sitting at the king's gate” – Rabbi Berekhya said in the name of Rabbi Levi: It is written: “Come behold the works of the Lord, who made desolations on the earth” (Psalms 46:9). He incited servants against their master, to bestow greatness upon the righteous; that is what is written: “Bigtan and Teresh became angry…” – to bestow greatness upon Mordekhai. He incited masters against their servants to bestow greatness upon Joseph; that is what is written: “Pharaoh became angry with his servants” (Genesis 41:10).

וַיְבֻקַשׁ הַדָּבָר וַיִּמָּצֵא (אסתר ב, כג), רַבִּי לֵוִי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַחָא בַּר שִׁילָא אִישׁ כְּפַר תְּמַרְתָּא אָמַר, וּמָה אִם סִפְרוֹ שֶׁל בָּשָׂר וָדָם כָּךְ, לִכְשֶׁיָּבוֹא סִפְרוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא דִּכְתִיב בּוֹ (מלאכי ג, טז): וַיַּקְשֵׁב ה' וַיִּשְׁמָע וַיִּכָּתֵב בְּסֵפֶר זִכָּרוֹן לְפָנָיו וגו', עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה.

“The matter was investigated, and it was revealed; the two of them were hanged on a gibbet and it was recorded in the book of chronicles before the king” (Esther 2:23).
“The matter was investigated, and it was revealed” – Rabbi Levi said in the name of Rabbi Aḥa bar Shila of the village of Temart said: If in the book [of chronicles] of flesh and blood it is so, when the [the time to read from the] book of the Holy One blessed be He comes, about which it is written: “The Lord listened and heeded and a book of remembrance was written before Him…” (Malachi 3:16), all the more so.