“God said: Let the water under the heavens be gathered to one place, and let the dry land appear, and it was so” (Genesis 1:9). “God said: Let the water…be gathered [yikavu]” – it is written: “At Your rebuke they fled; at the sound [of Your thunder they rushed away]” (Psalms 104:7). Rabbi Berekhya said in the name of Rabbi Abba bar Ami: Let a set measure be established for the water, as it says: “A plumb line [kav]1A kav is used for measurement in building. will be extended over Jerusalem” (Zechariah 1:16). Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said in the name of Rabbi Levi: The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘Let the water eagerly await [yekavu] for Me, for what I am going to do with it in the future.’ This is analogous to a king who built a palace and settled mute people in it. They would rise early and inquire regarding the king’s wellbeing with gestures, with fingers, and with kerchiefs. The king said: ‘If they could speak, would it not be even more so?’ This was a rhetorical question. The king then settled speaking residents in it. They rose and seized the palace and said: ‘This palace is not the king’s; it is ours.’ The king said: ‘Let the palace be restored to its previous state.’ So, from the beginning of the creation of the world the praises of the Holy One blessed be He would arise only from the water, as it is written: “It is from the sound of many waters, the mighty breakers of the sea” (Psalms 93:4). What would they say? “The Lord is mighty on High” (Psalms 93:4). [God said:] ‘If these [waters] that have no ability to talk and speak, and yet they laud Me, when I create Man, all the more so.’ [But] the generation of the Flood arose and rebelled against Him, the generation of Enosh arose and rebelled against Him, the generation of the Dispersion arose and rebelled against Him. The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘Let these [mankind] be expelled, and let those who had dwelled here before arise and come back.’ That is what is written: “The rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights” (Genesis 7:12).
“To one place” – Rabbi Yudan in the name of Rabbi Levi, and Rabbi Berekhya in the name of Rabbi Yudan ben Rabbi Shimon say: The world in its entirety was all water, and you say “[gathered] to one place”? This is bewildering. It is analogous to ten inflated wineskins that were located in a hall. The king needed their space. What did he do to them? He untied them, let their air out, and removed them into a corner. So, the Holy One blessed be He trod upon the primordial waters2Pushing them down. and diverted them into the ocean. That is what is written: “Behold, He halts [ya’atzor]3Ya’atzor can also mean He presses. the water and it dries…” (Job 12:15); “He treads on the crests of the sea” (Job 9:8).
Rabbi Levi said: The waters said to one another: ‘Let us go and fulfill the command of the Holy One blessed be He.’ That is what is written: “The rivers raise, Lord; the rivers raise their voices. [The rivers boost their towering waves [dokhyam]]” (Psalms 93:3). Rabbi Levi said: [They exclaimed:] ‘Via the sea [derekh yam], via the sea.’ Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said: ‘To such-and-such place [dukhta], to such-and-such corner, such-and-such waves.’ Rav Huna said: ‘To this sea [hadakh yama], to this sea.’ Rabbi Yehoshua bar Ḥanina said: ‘To water channels [dukhsa yam], to water channels.’ Rabbi Elazar said: The sea absorbed them, just as you say: “Have you entered into the depths of the sea?” (Job 38:16) – within the boundaries of the sea. The Rabbis say: [The waters exclaimed:] ‘We are pressed down [dokhim], receive us. We are broken [medukhanim], receive us.’ Rabbi Yehoshua ben Rabbi Neḥemya said: The water would ascend mountains and descend depths until it reached the ocean. That is what is written: “They rose to the mountains, descended [in the valleys to the place You established for them]” (Psalms 104:8). What place did You establish for them? This is the ocean. Rabbi Abahu expounded: The ocean is higher than the entire world, and the whole world in its entirety drinks from its water.
Rabbi Levi said: Some of the expounders, like ben Azai and ben Zoma, expounded: The voice of the Holy One blessed be He became a guide for Moses, when he said to him: “Ascend to Mount Avarim” (Deuteronomy 32:49). The voice of the Holy One blessed be He became a guide for the water. That is what is written: “The voice of the Lord is on the water” (Psalms 29:3). Rabbi Berekhya said: The lower waters separated from the upper only with weeping [bekhiya]. That is what is written: “He dams the depths of [mibekhi] the rivers” (Job 28:11). Rabbi Tanḥum derives it from here: “He makes the earth with His might…. At the sound [kol] of His placement of a multitude of water [in the heavens]” (Jeremiah 10:12–13), and kol is nothing other than weeping, just as it says: “So said the Lord: A voice [kol] is heard in Rama, ]wailing, bitter weeping[” (Jeremiah 31:15).
Rabbi Yoḥanan said: The Holy One blessed be He stipulated a condition with the sea [upon its creation] that it should split before Israel. That is what is written: “The sea returned to its power [le’eitano]” (Exodus 14:27), in accordance with its condition [litna’o] that He stipulated with it. Rabbi Yirmeya ben Elazar said: It is not only with the sea alone that the Holy One blessed be He stipulated, but with everything that was created during the six days of Creation. That is what is written: “My hands stretched the heavens and commanded all their host” (Isaiah 45:12) – right from when “My hands stretched the heavens,” “I commanded all their host.” I commanded the sea that it should split before Israel. I commanded the heavens and the earth that they should be silent before Moses, as it is stated: “Listen, the heavens, and I will speak, and the earth will hear the sayings of my mouth” (Deuteronomy 32:1). I commanded the sun and the moon that they should stand still before Joshua, as it is stated: “Sun, stand still at Givon; [and Moon, in the Valley of Ayalon]” (Joshua 10:12). I commanded the ravens that they should sustain Elijah, as it is stated: “The ravens would bring him bread and meat…” (I Kings 17:6). I commanded the fire that it should not harm Ḥananya, Mishael, and Azarya. I commanded the lions that they should not harm Daniel. I commanded the heavens that they should open before Ezekiel, as it is stated: “The heavens opened…” (Ezekiel 1:1). I commanded the fish that it should spew out Jonah, as it is stated: “The Lord said to the fish, and it spewed out Jonah” (Jonah 2:11).
Rabbi Elazar said: At the beginning of the creation of the world, the Holy One blessed be He decreed: “Let the water…be gathered.” Why [is it written:] “He calls the water of the sea” (Amos 5:8), “He calls the water of the sea” (Amos 9:6) twice? Once for the generation of the Flood and once for the generation of Enosh.4The implied question is: Since God decreed at creation that the waters should be limited to one place, how is it that they subsequently came back and covered the earth? (see Devarim Rabba 10:2). It is because: “God acted so they would be in fear of Him” (Ecclesiastes 3:14). This is analogous to a province that rebelled against the king. The king sent a powerful legion and surrounded it so that the residents of the province would see it and be in fear of him. So, why is it that: “He heaps together the water of the sea”? (Psalms 33:7). It is so “the entire earth would be in fear of the Lord…” (Psalms 33:8).5The water was gathered together into one place so that men would see it and be in fear that it may come back and cover them.
The way of the world is that a person empties a full vessel into an empty vessel. Can one, perhaps, pour a full vessel into a full vessel? The world in its entirety is all water, and yet you say “to one place”? But from here [we see] that a smaller space was able to contain a greater amount [than its size]. Kohelet and in Vayikra Rabba 19:9>. Similarly, “Moses and Aaron gathered the assembly [to the front of the rock]” (Numbers 20:10). It [the front of the rock] was the size of a small sieve, and yet all of Israel was standing before it? But from here [we see] that a smaller space was able to contain a greater amount [than its size]. Similarly, “the Lord said to Moses and Aaron: Take for yourselves [cupped handfuls of soot of a furnace]” (Exodus 9:8). Rav Huna said: Did Moses’s cupped hand hold eight clenched handfuls? This is bewildering. A cupped handful and a clenched handful are not the same; a cupped handful holds twice as much as a clenched handful.6God told Moses and Aaron (two people) to take “handfuls”, in the plural, indicating two handfuls each, totaling four handfuls, each handful being equal to two clenched handfuls, for a total of eight. And it is written: “Moses threw it” (Exodus 9:8).7And to throw powerfully one must use one hand. It emerges, then, that the cupped hand of Moses held eight clenched handfuls. But from here [we see] that a smaller space was able to contain a greater amount [than its size]. Similarly, Rabbi Yosei bar Ḥalafta said: “The length of the courtyard shall be one hundred cubits and the width shall be fifty on each side” (Exodus 27:18), and yet all of Israel could stands inside of it?8See Leviticus 8:3. This is bewildering. But from here [we see] that a smaller space was able to contain a greater amount [than its size]. Similarly, “Joshua said to the children of Israel: Come here…” (Joshua 3:9). Rav Huna said: He had them stand up between the two staves of the Ark. Rabbi Ḥama bar Ḥanina said: He had them all lean on one another between the two staves of the Ark. Rava said: He crowded them between the two staves of the Ark. Joshua said to them: ‘From the fact that the two staves of the Ark was able to contain you all, you may know that the Divine Presence of the Holy One blessed be He is in your midst.’ That is what is written: “Joshua said: With this you will know that the living God is in your midst” (Joshua 3:10). This was so in Jerusalem, too, as we learned: They stood crowded, but prostrated themselves spaciously.9Yoma 21a. Rabbi Shmuel ben Rabbi Ḥana said in the name of Rabbi Aḥa: There were four cubits for each person to occupy, and a [further] cubit on each side so that none of them would hear the prayer of the other. This will be so in the future, too, as it is stated: “At that time, they will call Jerusalem the Throne of the Lord, and all the nations will be gathered into it” (Jeremiah 3:17). Rabbi Yoḥanan ascended to inquire after the wellbeing of Rabbi Ḥanina and found him sitting and expounding this verse: “At that time, they will call Jerusalem the Throne of the Lord, [and all the nations will be gathered into it].” He said to him: ‘Can Jerusalem contain the Throne of the Lord?’10And all the nations. He said to him: ‘The Holy One blessed is He will say to it: Expand and extend and receive your populations.’ That is what is written: “Expand the place of your tent” (Isaiah 54:3). Why? “For you will spread out right and left…” (Isaiah 54:3).
“God called the dry land Earth, and the gathering of the waters He called Seas, and God saw that it was good” (Genesis 1:10). “God called the dry land Earth [eretz].” Why was it called eretz? It is because it hastened [ratzeta] to perform the will of its Maker.11By beginning to expand. Rabbi Natan in the name of Rabbi Aḥa, and Rabbi Berekhya in the name of Rabbi Yitzḥak said: “I am God Almighty [shadai]” (Genesis 17:1) – I am the One who [she] said to the heavens and the earth: Enough [dai]. Had it not been so, they would have continually stretched out until now. “And the gathering of the waters He called Seas” – Rabbi Yosei ben Rabbi Ḥalafta said: Is it not only one sea?12“The gathering of waters” is in the singular, indicating that the verse is referring to one body of water. Why does the verse state “Seas”? However, the taste of a fish that comes up in Akko is not similar to one that comes up in Sidon or one that comes up in Spain.13Even in a single body of water (the Mediterranean), there are several distinct sections.
“God said: Let the earth sprout grass, vegetation yielding seed, and fruit trees bearing fruit in their kind, in which there is its seed, upon the earth, and it was so” (Genesis 1:11). “God said: Let the earth sprout grass” – it is taught in the name of Rabbi Natan: There were three who were brought to judgment, but there were four who emerged liable. They are as follows: Adam, Eve, and the serpent were brought to judgment, and the ground was cursed along with them, as it is stated: “Cursed is the ground on your account” (Genesis 3:17) – it will produce for you cursed items, such as gnats, flies, and fleas. Rabbi Yitzḥak said: Even these are beneficial.14Even bugs serve a purpose in the world. Thus, the earth’s curse had a silver lining. See Bereshit Rabba 20:8. Why was it cursed? Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Shalom and Rabbi Pinḥas, Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Shalom said: Because it violated its command, as the Holy One blessed be He said to it: “Let the earth sprout grass, [vegetation yielding seed, and fruit trees bearing fruit in their kind]” – just as the fruit is edible, so should the tree be edible. But, it [the earth] did not do so, but rather, “The earth produced grass…[and trees bearing fruit]” (Genesis 1:12) – the fruit is edible but the tree is not edible. Rabbi Pinḥas said: [On the contrary,] it did even more than it was commanded, taking the initiative in fulfilling the will of its Creator. “Trees bearing fruit” – even the non-fruit trees produced fruit. According to the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Shimon, all is well, but according to Rabbi Pinḥas, why was it [the earth] cursed? The explanation is that it is like a person who says [when cursing someone]: Cursed be the breasts from which this person nursed.15The earth was the provider of sustenance for mankind, so it was cursed as part of their curse.
“It was evening and it was morning, a third day” (Genesis 1:13). “It was evening and it was morning, a third [shelishi] day” – it was the day on which warriors were created,16The groundwork was laid for warriors to wage war. The earth was created on this day, and that includes iron. as it says: “Warriors [shalishim] and nobles, all of them riding horses” (Ezekiel 23:23). When iron was created, the trees began trembling. But it said to them: ‘Why are you trembling? If no wood of yours enters me none of you will be harmed.’17Without a wooden handle, the axe is useless against trees.
וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים יִקָּווּ הַמַּיִם, כְּתִיב (תהלים קד, ז): מִן גַּעֲרָתְךָ יְנוּסוּן מִן קוֹל וגו', רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר אַמֵּי אָמַר, יֵעָשֶׂה מִדָּה לַמַּיִם, וְהֵיךְ מָה דְּאַתְּ אָמַר (זכריה א, טז): וְקָו יִנָּטֶה עַל יְרוּשָׁלָיִם. רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא יִקָּווּ לִי הַמַּיִם, מַה שֶּׁאֲנִי עָתִיד לַעֲשׂוֹת בָּהֶם, מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁבָּנָה פַּלְטֵרִין וְהוֹשִׁיב בְּתוֹכָהּ אִלְמִים, וְהָיוּ מַשְׁכִּימִין וְשׁוֹאֲלִים בִּשְׁלוֹמוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ בִּרְמִיזָה וּבְאֶצְבַּע וּבְמָנוֹלִין, אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ אִלּוּ הָיוּ פִּקְחִין עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה, אֶתְמְהָא. הוֹשִׁיב בָּהּ הַמֶּלֶךְ דָּיוֹרִין פִּקְחִין, עָמְדוּ וְהֶחֱזִיקוּ בַּפָּלָטִין, אָמְרוּ אֵין פָּלָטִין זוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ, שֶׁלָּנוּ הִיא, אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ תַּחְזֹר פָּלָטִין לִכְמוֹ שֶׁהָיְתָה. כָּךְ מִתְּחִלַּת בְּרִיָּתוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם לֹא הָיָה קִלּוּסוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עוֹלֶה אֶלָּא מִן הַמַּיִם, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (תהלים צג, ד): מִקֹּלוֹת מַיִם רַבִּים אַדִּירִים מִשְׁבְּרֵי יָם, וּמָה הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים (תהלים צג, ד): אַדִּיר בַּמָּרוֹם ה'. אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, מָה אִם אֵלּוּ שֶׁאֵין לָהֶן לֹא פֶּה וְלֹא אֲמִירָה וְלֹא דִּבּוּר, וַהֲרֵי הֵן מְקַלְסִין אוֹתִי, כְּשֶׁאֶבְרָא אָדָם, עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה. עָמַד דּוֹר הַמַּבּוּל וּמָרַד בּוֹ, עָמַד דּוֹר אֱנוֹשׁ וּמָרַד בּוֹ, דּוֹר הַפְלָגָה וּמָרַד בּוֹ. אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, יְפֻנּוּ אֵלּוּ וְיַעַמְדוּ וְיָבוֹאוּ אוֹתָן שֶׁיָּשְׁבוּ בָּהֶן מִקֹּדֶם, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (בראשית ז, יב): וַיְהִי הַגֶּשֶׁם עַל הָאָרֶץ אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם וְאַרְבָּעִים לָיְלָה.
“God said: Let the water under the heavens be gathered to one place, and let the dry land appear, and it was so” (Genesis 1:9).
“God said: Let the water…be gathered [yikavu]” – it is written: “At Your rebuke they fled; at the sound [of Your thunder they rushed away]” (Psalms 104:7). Rabbi Berekhya said in the name of Rabbi Abba bar Ami: Let a set measure be established for the water, as it says: “A plumb line [kav]1A kav is used for measurement in building. will be extended over Jerusalem” (Zechariah 1:16).
Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said in the name of Rabbi Levi: The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘Let the water eagerly await [yekavu] for Me, for what I am going to do with it in the future.’ This is analogous to a king who built a palace and settled mute people in it. They would rise early and inquire regarding the king’s wellbeing with gestures, with fingers, and with kerchiefs. The king said: ‘If they could speak, would it not be even more so?’ This was a rhetorical question. The king then settled speaking residents in it. They rose and seized the palace and said: ‘This palace is not the king’s; it is ours.’ The king said: ‘Let the palace be restored to its previous state.’ So, from the beginning of the creation of the world the praises of the Holy One blessed be He would arise only from the water, as it is written: “It is from the sound of many waters, the mighty breakers of the sea” (Psalms 93:4). What would they say? “The Lord is mighty on High” (Psalms 93:4). [God said:] ‘If these [waters] that have no ability to talk and speak, and yet they laud Me, when I create Man, all the more so.’ [But] the generation of the Flood arose and rebelled against Him, the generation of Enosh arose and rebelled against Him, the generation of the Dispersion arose and rebelled against Him. The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘Let these [mankind] be expelled, and let those who had dwelled here before arise and come back.’ That is what is written: “The rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights” (Genesis 7:12).
אֶל מָקוֹם אֶחָד, רַבִּי יוּדָן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי וְרַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוּדָן בֶּן רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, כָּל הָעוֹלָם כֻּלּוֹ מַיִם בְּמַיִם, וְאַתָּה אוֹמֵר אֶל מָקוֹם אֶחָד, אֶתְמְהָא. מָשָׁל לְעֶשֶׂר נוֹדוֹת נְפוּחוֹת מֻנָּחוֹת בִּטְרַקְלִין, נִצְרַךְ הַמֶּלֶךְ לִמְקוֹמָן, מָה הוּא עוֹשֶׂה לָהֶן, מַתִּירָן וּמוֹצִיא אֶת רוּחָן וּמְסַלְּקָן בְּזָוִית אֶחָד. כָּךְ דָּרַךְ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עַל מֵי בְרֵאשִׁית וְסִלְּקָן בְּיָם אוֹקְיָנוֹס, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (איוב יב, טו): הֵן יַעְצֹר בַּמַּיִם וְיִבָשׁוּ וגו' (איוב ט, ח): וְדוֹרֵךְ עַל בָּמֳתֵי יָם.
“To one place” – Rabbi Yudan in the name of Rabbi Levi, and Rabbi Berekhya in the name of Rabbi Yudan ben Rabbi Shimon say: The world in its entirety was all water, and you say “[gathered] to one place”? This is bewildering. It is analogous to ten inflated wineskins that were located in a hall. The king needed their space. What did he do to them? He untied them, let their air out, and removed them into a corner. So, the Holy One blessed be He trod upon the primordial waters2Pushing them down. and diverted them into the ocean. That is what is written: “Behold, He halts [ya’atzor]3Ya’atzor can also mean He presses. the water and it dries…” (Job 12:15); “He treads on the crests of the sea” (Job 9:8).
אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי, הַמַּיִם הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים אֵלּוּ לְאֵלּוּ נֵלֵךְ וְנַעֲשֶׂה קִלּוּסִין לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים צג, ג): נָשְׂאוּ נְהָרוֹת ה' נָשְׂאוּ נְהָרוֹת קוֹלָם וגו'. רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר דֶּרֶךְ הַיָּם דֶּרֶךְ הַיָּם. רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא אָמַר לְדוּכְתָּא פְּלוֹנִית וּלְזָוִית פְּלוֹנִיתָא, גַּלְגַּלָּא פְּלָנִיתָא. רַב הוּנָא אָמַר לְהָדָךְ יַמָּא לְהָדָךְ יַמָּא. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בַּר חֲנִינָא אָמַר לְדוּכְסָאִים לְדוּכְסָאִים. רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אָמַר קְלָטָן הַיָּם, הֵיךְ מָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (איוב לח, טז): הֲבָאתָ עַד נִבְכֵי יָם, עַד קִלּוּטִין דְּיַמָּא. רַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי דּוֹכִים קַבְּלוּנוּ, מְדֻכָנִים אָנוּ קַבְּלוּנוּ. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה, הַמַּיִם הָיוּ עוֹלִים הָרִים וְיוֹרְדִים תְּהוֹמוֹת עַד שֶׁהִגִּיעוּ לְאוֹקְיָנוֹס, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים קד, ח): יַעֲלוּ הָרִים יֵרְדוּ וגו', אֵיזֶה מָקוֹם יִסַּדְתָּ לָהֶם, זֶה אוֹקְיָנוֹס. דָּרַשׁ רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ אוֹקְיָנוֹס גָּבֹהַּ מִכָּל הָעוֹלָם כֻּלּוֹ, וְכָל הָעוֹלָם כֻּלּוֹ מֵימָיו הֵם שׁוֹתִים.
Rabbi Levi said: The waters said to one another: ‘Let us go and fulfill the command of the Holy One blessed be He.’ That is what is written: “The rivers raise, Lord; the rivers raise their voices. [The rivers boost their towering waves [dokhyam]]” (Psalms 93:3). Rabbi Levi said: [They exclaimed:] ‘Via the sea [derekh yam], via the sea.’ Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said: ‘To such-and-such place [dukhta], to such-and-such corner, such-and-such waves.’ Rav Huna said: ‘To this sea [hadakh yama], to this sea.’ Rabbi Yehoshua bar Ḥanina said: ‘To water channels [dukhsa yam], to water channels.’
Rabbi Elazar said: The sea absorbed them, just as you say: “Have you entered into the depths of the sea?” (Job 38:16) – within the boundaries of the sea. The Rabbis say: [The waters exclaimed:] ‘We are pressed down [dokhim], receive us. We are broken [medukhanim], receive us.’
Rabbi Yehoshua ben Rabbi Neḥemya said: The water would ascend mountains and descend depths until it reached the ocean. That is what is written: “They rose to the mountains, descended [in the valleys to the place You established for them]” (Psalms 104:8). What place did You establish for them? This is the ocean.
Rabbi Abahu expounded: The ocean is higher than the entire world, and the whole world in its entirety drinks from its water.
אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי, יֵשׁ מִן הַדַּרְשָׁנִים שֶׁהֵם דּוֹרְשִׁין, כְּגוֹן בֶּן עַזַּאי וּבֶן זוֹמָא, נַעֲשָׂה קוֹלוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְטַטְרוֹן לְמשֶׁה, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ (דברים לב, מט): עֲלֵה אֶל הַר הָעֲבָרִים, נַעֲשָׂה קוֹלוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְטַטְרוֹן עַל הַמָּיִם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהילים כ״ט:ג׳): קוֹל ה' עַל הַמָּיִם. אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה, לֹא פֵּרְשׁוּ הַמַּיִם הַתַּחְתּוֹנִים מִן הָעֶלְיוֹנִים אֶלָּא בִּבְכִיָּה, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (איוב כח, יא): מִבְּכִי נְהָרוֹת חִבֵּשׁ. רַבִּי תַּנְחוּם מַיְיתֵי לָהּ מִן הָכָא (ירמיה י, יב): עֹשֶׂה אֶרֶץ בְּכֹחוֹ וגו' לְקוֹל תִּתּוֹ הֲמוֹן מַיִם וגו', וְאֵין לְקוֹל אֶלָּא בֶּכִי, הֵיךְ מַה דְּאַתְּ אָמַר (ירמיה לא, יד): קוֹל בְּרָמָה נִשְׁמָע.
Rabbi Levi said: Some of the expounders, like ben Azai and ben Zoma, expounded: The voice of the Holy One blessed be He became a guide for Moses, when he said to him: “Ascend to Mount Avarim” (Deuteronomy 32:49). The voice of the Holy One blessed be He became a guide for the water. That is what is written: “The voice of the Lord is on the water” (Psalms 29:3).
Rabbi Berekhya said: The lower waters separated from the upper only with weeping [bekhiya]. That is what is written: “He dams the depths of [mibekhi] the rivers” (Job 28:11). Rabbi Tanḥum derives it from here: “He makes the earth with His might…. At the sound [kol] of His placement of a multitude of water [in the heavens]” (Jeremiah 10:12–13), and kol is nothing other than weeping, just as it says: “So said the Lord: A voice [kol] is heard in Rama, ]wailing, bitter weeping[” (Jeremiah 31:15).
אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן תְּנָאִין הִתְנָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עִם הַיָּם שֶׁיְהֵא נִקְרַע לִפְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (שמות יד, כז): וַיָּשָׁב הַיָּם לְאֵיתָנוֹ, לִתְנָאוֹ שֶׁהִתְנָה עִמּוֹ. אָמַר רַבִּי יִרְמְיָה בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר לֹא עִם הַיָּם בִּלְבָד הִתְנָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, אֶלָּא עִם כָּל מַה שֶּׁנִּבְרָא בְּשֵׁשֶׁת יְמֵי בְרֵאשִׁית, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ישעיה מה, יב): אֲנִי יָדַי נָטוּ שָׁמַיִם וְכָל צְבָאָם צִוֵּיתִי, מִידֵי נָטוּ שָׁמַיִם וְכָל צְבָאָם צִוֵּיתִי, צִוִּיתִי אֶת הַיָּם שֶׁיִּהְיֶה נִקְרַע לִפְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, צִוִּיתִי אֶת הַשָּׁמַיִם וְאֶת הָאָרֶץ שֶׁיִּשְׁתְּקוּ לִפְנֵי משֶׁה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים לב, א): הַאֲזִינוּ הַשָּׁמַיִם וַאֲדַבֵּרָה וְתִשְׁמַע הָאָרֶץ אִמְרֵי פִי, צִוִּיתִי אֶת הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ וְאֶת הַיָּרֵחַ שֶׁיַּעַמְדוּ לִפְנֵי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יהושע י, יב): שֶׁמֶשׁ בְּגִבְעוֹן דּוֹם, צִוִּיתִי אֶת הָעוֹרְבִים שֶׁיְכַלְכְּלוּ אֶת אֵלִיָּהוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים א יז, ו): וְהָעֹרְבִים מְבִיאִים לוֹ לֶחֶם וּבָשָׂר וגו', צִוִּיתִי אֶת הָאוּר שֶׁלֹא תַּזִּיק לַחֲנַנְיָה מִישָׁאֵל וַעֲזַרְיָה, צִוִּיתִי אֶת הָאֲרָיוֹת שֶׁלֹא יַזִּיקוּ אֶת דָּנִיֵּאל, צִוִּיתִי אֶת הַשָּׁמַיִם שֶׁיִּפָּתְחוּ לְקוֹל יְחֶזְקֵאל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יחזקאל א, א): נִפְתְּחוּ הַשָּׁמַיִם וגו', צִוִּיתִי אֶת הַדָּג שֶׁיָּקִיא אֶת יוֹנָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יונה ב, יא): וַיֹּאמֶר ה' לַדָּג וַיָּקֵא אֶת יוֹנָה.
Rabbi Yoḥanan said: The Holy One blessed be He stipulated a condition with the sea [upon its creation] that it should split before Israel. That is what is written: “The sea returned to its power [le’eitano]” (Exodus 14:27), in accordance with its condition [litna’o] that He stipulated with it.
Rabbi Yirmeya ben Elazar said: It is not only with the sea alone that the Holy One blessed be He stipulated, but with everything that was created during the six days of Creation. That is what is written: “My hands stretched the heavens and commanded all their host” (Isaiah 45:12) – right from when “My hands stretched the heavens,” “I commanded all their host.” I commanded the sea that it should split before Israel. I commanded the heavens and the earth that they should be silent before Moses, as it is stated: “Listen, the heavens, and I will speak, and the earth will hear the sayings of my mouth” (Deuteronomy 32:1). I commanded the sun and the moon that they should stand still before Joshua, as it is stated: “Sun, stand still at Givon; [and Moon, in the Valley of Ayalon]” (Joshua 10:12). I commanded the ravens that they should sustain Elijah, as it is stated: “The ravens would bring him bread and meat…” (I Kings 17:6). I commanded the fire that it should not harm Ḥananya, Mishael, and Azarya. I commanded the lions that they should not harm Daniel. I commanded the heavens that they should open before Ezekiel, as it is stated: “The heavens opened…” (Ezekiel 1:1). I commanded the fish that it should spew out Jonah, as it is stated: “The Lord said to the fish, and it spewed out Jonah” (Jonah 2:11).
אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר מִתְּחִלַּת בְּרִיָּתוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם גָּזַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְאָמַר: יִקָּווּ הַמַּיִם, לָמָּה (עמוס ה, ח): הַקּוֹרֵא לְמֵי הַיָּם (עמוס ט, ו): הַקּוֹרֵא לְמֵי הַיָּם, שְׁתֵּי פְּעָמִים, אַחַת בְּדוֹר הַמַּבּוּל וְאַחַת בְּדוֹר אֱנוֹשׁ, בִּשְׁבִיל (קהלת ג, יד): וְהָאֱלֹהִים עָשָׂה שֶׁיִּרְאוּ מִלְּפָנָיו, מָשָׁל לִמְדִינָה שֶׁמָּרְדָה בַּמֶּלֶךְ, שָׁלַח הַמֶּלֶךְ לִגְיוֹן קָשֶׁה וְהֵקִיפָהּ, כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּרְאוּ אוֹתוֹ בְּנֵי הַמְדִינָה וְיִתְיָרְאוּ מִלְּפָנָיו. כָּךְ לָמָּה (תהלים לג, ז): כֹּנֵס כַּנֵּד מֵי הַיָּם, בִּשְׁבִיל (תהלים לג, ח): וְיִירְאוּ מֵה' כָּל הָאָרֶץ וגו'.
Rabbi Elazar said: At the beginning of the creation of the world, the Holy One blessed be He decreed: “Let the water…be gathered.” Why [is it written:] “He calls the water of the sea” (Amos 5:8), “He calls the water of the sea” (Amos 9:6) twice? Once for the generation of the Flood and once for the generation of Enosh.4The implied question is: Since God decreed at creation that the waters should be limited to one place, how is it that they subsequently came back and covered the earth? (see Devarim Rabba 10:2). It is because: “God acted so they would be in fear of Him” (Ecclesiastes 3:14). This is analogous to a province that rebelled against the king. The king sent a powerful legion and surrounded it so that the residents of the province would see it and be in fear of him. So, why is it that: “He heaps together the water of the sea”? (Psalms 33:7). It is so “the entire earth would be in fear of the Lord…” (Psalms 33:8).5The water was gathered together into one place so that men would see it and be in fear that it may come back and cover them.
בְּנֹהַג שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם אָדָם מְפַנֶּה כְּלִי מָלֵא בְּתוֹךְ כְּלִי רֵיקָן, שֶׁמָּא כְּלִי מָלֵא בְּתוֹךְ כְּלִי מָלֵא, כָּל הָעוֹלָם כֻּלּוֹ מַיִם בְּמַיִם, וְאַתְּ אוֹמֵר אֶל מָקוֹם אֶחָד, אֶלָּא מִכָּאן שֶׁהֶחֱזִיק מוּעָט אֶת הַמְרֻבֶּה. (וכולהו נמי איתנהו במדרש קהלת ובאגדות דויקרא רבה). וְדִכְוָותֵהּ (במדבר כ, י): וַיַּקְהִלּוּ משֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן, אָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא כִּמְלוֹא פִי כְבָרָה קְטַנָּה הָיְתָה בָּהּ, וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל עוֹמְדִין בָּהּ, אֶלָּא מִכָּאן שֶׁהֶחֱזִיק מוּעָט אֶת הַמְרֻבֶּה. וְדִכְוָותֵהּ (שמות ט, ח): וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֶל משֶׁה וְאֶל אַהֲרֹן קְחוּ לָכֶם, אָמַר רַב הוּנָא וְכִי חָפְנוֹ שֶׁל משֶׁה הָיְתָה מַחֲזֶקֶת שְׁמוֹנָה קְמָצִים, אֶתְמְהָא. לֹא דָמֵי הַהוּא דְּחָפַן לְהַהוּא דְּקָמַץ, הַהוּא דְּחָפַן תְּרֵי מֵהַהוּא דְּקָמַץ, וּכְתִיב: וּזְרָקוֹ משֶׁה, נִמְצֵאת חָפְנוֹ שֶׁל משֶׁה הָיְתָה מַחְזֶקֶת שְׁמֹנָה קְמָצִים, אֶלָּא מִכָּאן שֶׁהֶחֱזִיק מוּעָט אֶת הַמְרֻבֶּה. וְדִכְוָותֵיהּ אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר רַבִּי חֲלַפְתָּא (שמות כז, יח): אֹרֶךְ הֶחָצֵר מֵאָה בָּאַמָּה וְרֹחַב חֲמִשִּׁים בַּחֲמִשִּׁים, וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל עוֹמְדִים שָׁם, אֶתְמְהָא, אֶלָּא מִכָּאן שֶׁהֶחֱזִיק מוּעָט אֶת הַמְרֻבֶּה. וְדִכְוָותֵהּ (יהושע ג, ט): וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אֶל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל גּשׁוּ הֵנָּה וגו', רַב הוּנָא אָמַר זְקָפָן בֵּין שְׁנֵי בַּדֵּי הָאָרוֹן. אָמַר רַבִּי אַחָא בְּרַבִּי חֲנִינָא סְמָכָן בֵּין שְׁנֵי בַּדֵּי הָאָרוֹן. רַבָּנָן אָמְרִין צִמְצְמָן בֵּין שְׁנֵי בַּדֵּי הָאָרוֹן. אָמַר לָהֶן יְהוֹשֻׁעַ מִמַּה שֶּׁהֶחֱזִיקוּ שְׁנֵי בַּדֵּי הָאָרוֹן אֶתְכֶם, אַתֶּם יוֹדְעִים שֶׁשְּׁכִינָתוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בֵּינֵיכֶם, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (יהושע ג, י): וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בְּזֹאת תֵּדְעוּן כִּי אֵל חַי בְּקִרְבְּכֶם, וְאַף בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם, דִּתְנַן עוֹמְדִים צְפוּפִים וּמִשְׁתַּחֲוִים רְוָחִים. רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בְּרַבִּי חָנָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַחָא אָמַר, אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת לְכָל אֶחָד וְאַמָּה מִכָּל צַד, כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹא יְהֵא אָדָם שׁוֹמֵעַ תְּפִלָּתוֹ שֶׁל חֲבֵרוֹ. וְאַף לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא כֵן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה ג, יז): בָּעֵת הַהִיא יִקְרְאוּ לִיְרוּשָׁלָיִם כִּסֵּא ה' וְנִקְווּ אֵלֶיהָ כָל הַגּוֹיִם. רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן סָלֵיק לְמִשְׁאַל שְׁלָמֵהּ דְּרַבִּי חֲנִינָא, אַשְׁכְּחֵיהּ דְּיָתִיב וְדָרִישׁ בַּהֲדֵין פָּסוּק: בָּעֵת הַהִיא יִקְרְאוּ לִיְרוּשָׁלָיִם כִּסֵּא ה', אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי וְכִי מַחֲזֶקֶת הִיא יְרוּשָׁלַיִם כִּסֵּא ה', אֲמַר לֵיהּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אָמַר לָהּ הַאֲרִיכִי הַרְחִיבִי קַבְּלִי אֻכְלוּסַּיִךְ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ישעיה נד, ב): הַרְחִיבִי מְקוֹם אָהֳלֵךְ, לָמָּה (ישעיה נד, ג): כִּי יָמִין וּשְׂמֹאול תִּפְרֹצִי וגו'.
The way of the world is that a person empties a full vessel into an empty vessel. Can one, perhaps, pour a full vessel into a full vessel? The world in its entirety is all water, and yet you say “to one place”? But from here [we see] that a smaller space was able to contain a greater amount [than its size].Kohelet and in Vayikra Rabba 19:9>.
Similarly, “Moses and Aaron gathered the assembly [to the front of the rock]” (Numbers 20:10). It [the front of the rock] was the size of a small sieve, and yet all of Israel was standing before it? But from here [we see] that a smaller space was able to contain a greater amount [than its size].
Similarly, “the Lord said to Moses and Aaron: Take for yourselves [cupped handfuls of soot of a furnace]” (Exodus 9:8). Rav Huna said: Did Moses’s cupped hand hold eight clenched handfuls? This is bewildering. A cupped handful and a clenched handful are not the same; a cupped handful holds twice as much as a clenched handful.6God told Moses and Aaron (two people) to take “handfuls”, in the plural, indicating two handfuls each, totaling four handfuls, each handful being equal to two clenched handfuls, for a total of eight. And it is written: “Moses threw it” (Exodus 9:8).7And to throw powerfully one must use one hand. It emerges, then, that the cupped hand of Moses held eight clenched handfuls. But from here [we see] that a smaller space was able to contain a greater amount [than its size].
Similarly, Rabbi Yosei bar Ḥalafta said: “The length of the courtyard shall be one hundred cubits and the width shall be fifty on each side” (Exodus 27:18), and yet all of Israel could stands inside of it?8See Leviticus 8:3. This is bewildering. But from here [we see] that a smaller space was able to contain a greater amount [than its size].
Similarly, “Joshua said to the children of Israel: Come here…” (Joshua 3:9). Rav Huna said: He had them stand up between the two staves of the Ark. Rabbi Ḥama bar Ḥanina said: He had them all lean on one another between the two staves of the Ark. Rava said: He crowded them between the two staves of the Ark. Joshua said to them: ‘From the fact that the two staves of the Ark was able to contain you all, you may know that the Divine Presence of the Holy One blessed be He is in your midst.’ That is what is written: “Joshua said: With this you will know that the living God is in your midst” (Joshua 3:10).
This was so in Jerusalem, too, as we learned: They stood crowded, but prostrated themselves spaciously.9Yoma 21a. Rabbi Shmuel ben Rabbi Ḥana said in the name of Rabbi Aḥa: There were four cubits for each person to occupy, and a [further] cubit on each side so that none of them would hear the prayer of the other.
This will be so in the future, too, as it is stated: “At that time, they will call Jerusalem the Throne of the Lord, and all the nations will be gathered into it” (Jeremiah 3:17). Rabbi Yoḥanan ascended to inquire after the wellbeing of Rabbi Ḥanina and found him sitting and expounding this verse: “At that time, they will call Jerusalem the Throne of the Lord, [and all the nations will be gathered into it].” He said to him: ‘Can Jerusalem contain the Throne of the Lord?’10And all the nations. He said to him: ‘The Holy One blessed is He will say to it: Expand and extend and receive your populations.’ That is what is written: “Expand the place of your tent” (Isaiah 54:3). Why? “For you will spread out right and left…” (Isaiah 54:3).
וַיִּקְרָא אֱלֹהִים לַיַּבָּשָׁה אֶרֶץ, לָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמָהּ אֶרֶץ, שֶׁרָצְתָה לַעֲשׂוֹת רְצוֹן קוֹנָהּ. רַבִּי נָתָן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַחָא וְרַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יִצְחָק אָמַר (בראשית יז, א): אֲנִי אֵל שַׁדַּי, אֲנִי שֶׁאָמַרְתִּי לַשָּׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ דַּי, שֶׁאִלְמָלֵא כֵּן הָיוּ מוֹתְחִים וְהוֹלְכִין עַד עַכְשָׁיו. וּלְמִקְוֵה הַמַּיִם קָרָא יַמִּים, אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בֶּן רַבִּי חֲלַפְתָּא וַהֲלוֹא יַם אֶחָד הוּא וּמַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר יַמִּים, אֶלָא אֵינוֹ דּוֹמֶה טַעַם דָּג הָעוֹלֶה מֵעַכּוֹ לָעוֹלֶה מִצִּידוֹן וְלָעוֹלֶה מֵאַסְפַּמְיָא.
“God called the dry land Earth, and the gathering of the waters He called Seas, and God saw that it was good” (Genesis 1:10).
“God called the dry land Earth [eretz].” Why was it called eretz? It is because it hastened [ratzeta] to perform the will of its Maker.11By beginning to expand. Rabbi Natan in the name of Rabbi Aḥa, and Rabbi Berekhya in the name of Rabbi Yitzḥak said: “I am God Almighty [shadai]” (Genesis 17:1) – I am the One who [she] said to the heavens and the earth: Enough [dai]. Had it not been so, they would have continually stretched out until now.
“And the gathering of the waters He called Seas” – Rabbi Yosei ben Rabbi Ḥalafta said: Is it not only one sea?12“The gathering of waters” is in the singular, indicating that the verse is referring to one body of water. Why does the verse state “Seas”? However, the taste of a fish that comes up in Akko is not similar to one that comes up in Sidon or one that comes up in Spain.13Even in a single body of water (the Mediterranean), there are several distinct sections.
וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים תַּדְשֵׁא הָאָרֶץ, תָּנֵי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי נָתָן, שְׁלשָׁה נִכְנְסוּ לְדִין וְאַרְבָּעָה יָצְאוּ מְחֻיָּבִין, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן: אָדָם וְחַוָּה וְנָחָשׁ נִכְנְסוּ לְדִין, וְנִתְקַלְּלָה הָאָרֶץ עִמָּהֶן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ג, יז): אֲרוּרָה הָאֲדָמָה בַּעֲבוּרֶךָ, שֶׁתְּהֵא מַעֲלָה לְךָ דְּבָרִים אֲרוּרִים, כְּגוֹן: יַתּוּשִׁים וּזְבוּבִין, פַּרְעוֹשִׁין. אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק מִגְדָלָאָה, אַף הֵן יֵשׁ בָּהֶן הֲנָאָה, וְלָמָּה נִתְקַלְּלָה, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בֶּן רַבִּי (שמעון) [שלום ורבי פנחס, רבי יהודה בן רבי (שמעון) שלום] אָמַר, שֶׁעָבְרָה עַל הַצִּוּוּי, שֶׁכָּךְ אָמַר לָהּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, תַּדְשֵׁא הָאָרֶץ דֶּשֶׁא וגו', מַה הַפְּרִי נֶאֱכָל אַף הָעֵץ נֶאֱכָל, וְהִיא לֹא עָשְׂתָה כֵן, אֶלָּא וַתּוֹצֵא הָאָרֶץ דֶּשֶׁא וגו' הַפְּרִי נֶאֱכָל וְהָעֵץ אֵינוֹ נֶאֱכָל. רַבִּי פִּנְחָס אָמַר אַף הוֹסִיפָה עַל הַצִּוּוּי, סָמְכָה לַעֲשׂוֹת רְצוֹן בּוֹרְאָהּ. עֵץ עֹשֶׂה פְּרִי, אֲפִלּוּ אִילָנֵי סְרַק עָשׂוּ פֵּרוֹת, עַל דַּעְתֵּיהּ דְּרַבִּי יְהוּדָה בֶּן רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן, נִיחָא, אֶלָּא עַל דַּעְתֵּיהּ דְּרַבִּי פִּנְחָס לָמָּה נִתְקַלְּלָה, אֶלָּא כְּאֵינַשׁ דַּאֲמַר יְהוֹן לָיְיטִין בִּיזַיָּא דְּהָדֵין מֵנִיק.
“God said: Let the earth sprout grass, vegetation yielding seed, and fruit trees bearing fruit in their kind, in which there is its seed, upon the earth, and it was so” (Genesis 1:11).
“God said: Let the earth sprout grass” – it is taught in the name of Rabbi Natan: There were three who were brought to judgment, but there were four who emerged liable. They are as follows: Adam, Eve, and the serpent were brought to judgment, and the ground was cursed along with them, as it is stated: “Cursed is the ground on your account” (Genesis 3:17) – it will produce for you cursed items, such as gnats, flies, and fleas. Rabbi Yitzḥak said: Even these are beneficial.14Even bugs serve a purpose in the world. Thus, the earth’s curse had a silver lining. See Bereshit Rabba 20:8. Why was it cursed? Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Shalom and Rabbi Pinḥas, Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Shalom said: Because it violated its command, as the Holy One blessed be He said to it: “Let the earth sprout grass, [vegetation yielding seed, and fruit trees bearing fruit in their kind]” – just as the fruit is edible, so should the tree be edible. But, it [the earth] did not do so, but rather, “The earth produced grass…[and trees bearing fruit]” (Genesis 1:12) – the fruit is edible but the tree is not edible. Rabbi Pinḥas said: [On the contrary,] it did even more than it was commanded, taking the initiative in fulfilling the will of its Creator. “Trees bearing fruit” – even the non-fruit trees produced fruit. According to the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Shimon, all is well, but according to Rabbi Pinḥas, why was it [the earth] cursed? The explanation is that it is like a person who says [when cursing someone]: Cursed be the breasts from which this person nursed.15The earth was the provider of sustenance for mankind, so it was cursed as part of their curse.
וַיְהִי עֶרֶב וַיְהִי בֹקֶר יוֹם שְׁלִישִׁי, יוֹם שֶׁנִּבְרְאוּ בּוֹ גִּבּוֹרִים, הֵיךְ מָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (יחזקאל כג, כג): שָׁלִשִׁים וּקְרוּאִים רֹכְבֵי סוּסִים כֻּלָּם, כֵּיוָן שֶׁנִּבְרָא הַבַּרְזֶל הִתְחִילוּ הָאִילָנוֹת מְרַתְּתִים, אָמַר לָהֶן, מַה לָּכֶם מְרַתְּתִים, עֵץ מִכֶּם אַל יִכָּנֵס בִּי, וְאֵין אֶחָד מִכֶּם נִזּוֹק.
“It was evening and it was morning, a third day” (Genesis 1:13).
“It was evening and it was morning, a third [shelishi] day” – it was the day on which warriors were created,16The groundwork was laid for warriors to wage war. The earth was created on this day, and that includes iron. as it says: “Warriors [shalishim] and nobles, all of them riding horses” (Ezekiel 23:23). When iron was created, the trees began trembling. But it said to them: ‘Why are you trembling? If no wood of yours enters me none of you will be harmed.’17Without a wooden handle, the axe is useless against trees.