“God remembered Noah, and all the beasts, and all the animals that were with him in the ark; God caused a wind to pass over the earth, and the water subsided” (Genesis 8:1). “God remembered Noah, and all the beasts…” – and it is written: “Your righteousness is like mighty mountains [keharerei el]; Your judgments are great depths. Lord, You save man and animal” (Psalms 36:7). Rabbi Yishmael and Rabbi Akiva: Rabbi Yishmael says: The righteous, who accepted the Torah that was given from the mountains of God [meharerei el], You perform righteousness with them [to the greatest extent,] up to the mighty mountains. But the wicked, who did not accept the Torah that was given from the mountains of God, You are exacting with them [to the greatest extent,] down to great depths. Rabbi Akiva says: With both these and those He is exacting down to great depths. He is exacting with the righteous by collecting His due from them for the few bad deeds that they performed in this world, in order to shower them with tranquility and give them a better reward in the World to Come. And He showers the wicked with tranquility and gives them reward for the few good deeds that they performed in this world in order to exact [a fuller] retribution from them in the World to Come. Rabbi Levi said: The verse metaphorically compares [the reward of] the righteous to their abode and [the reward of] the wicked to their abode. The [reward of the] righteous to their abode, as it is stated: “In a good grazing land I will herd them, and on the mountains of the height of Israel will be their pasture” (Ezekiel 34:14). And the [reward of the] wicked to their abode: “So said the Lord God: On the day that he descended to the netherworld I caused mourning [he’evalti]; I covered him in the depths” (Ezekiel 31:15). Rabbi Yehuda bar Rabbi said: Hovalti is written.1With a vav instead of an alef, meaning “I led him [to the netherworld].” (In our text of the Bible it is in fact written with an alef.) One does not craft a cover for a vat out of silver or gold, but rather out of earthenware, which is of the same material [as the vat itself]. So too, the wicked themselves are darkness, Gehenna is darkness, the depths of the earth are darkness. I led [hovalti] the wicked to Gehenna and covered them over with the depths of the earth, darkness covering darkness. Rabbi Yonatan in the name of Rabbi Yoshiya transposes the [words of the] verse: “Your righteousness is upon Your judgments”; “like mighty mountains are upon the great depths.”2See Psalms 36:7. Just as the mountains weigh down the water of the deep so it should not rise and inundate the world, so do the righteous suppress [God’s strict judgments and] punishments so they should not emerge and incinerate the world. Just as the mountains are endless, so is the reward of the righteous endless.3This is an exposition on the straightforward reading of the verse: “Your righteousness is like mighty mountains.” We have transposed the order of sentences in our translation, in accordance with the commentators. Just as the mountains are sown and produce fruit, so, the actions of the righteous produce fruit. That is what is written: “Say of the righteous man that it shall be well with him, [for they will eat the fruit of their actions]” (Isaiah 3:10). And just as the depths of the earth are unmeasurable, so is the punishment of the wicked unmeasurable. That is what is written: “Woe to the wicked one who does evil” (Isaiah 3:11). Just as the depths of the earth are not sown and do not produce fruit, so, the actions of the wicked do not produce fruit, as, were they to produce fruit, they would destroy the world. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi once went up to Rome. There he saw pillars covered over with tapestries, so they would not freeze in the cold or split apart in the heat. But when he would walk in the marketplace, he saw a poor man wrapped in a mat, and some say in half a donkey’s saddlecloth. Regarding those pillars, he recited the verse: “Your righteousness is like mighty mountains” (Psalms 36:7) – to the one to whom You give, You give abundantly. Regarding that poor man, he recited the verse: “Your judgments are great depths” (Psalms 36:7) – to the one whom You hit, You hit powerfully. Alexander of Macedonia once went to the king of Katzia, beyond the Mountains of Darkness. He [Alexander] sent for him [to come see him]. He came out and he was carrying a golden loaf on a platter of gold. He said to him: Do I need your money? He said to him: Did you not have what to eat in your land that you came here? He said to him: I came only because I wish to know how you people administer justice. He sat with him. One day, someone came to him with a claim against another person. He said: This man sold me a ruin and I found a hidden treasure in it. The buyer said: I bought [only] a ruin; I did not buy a hidden treasure, [so it belongs to the seller]. The seller said: I sold the ruin and whatever was in it, [so it belongs to the buyer]. He said to one of them: Do you have a son? He said to him: Yes. He said to the other: Do you have a daughter? He said to him: Yes. He said to them: Go marry them off to each other, and the money will belong to both of them. He [the king] saw that he [Alexander] was sitting there in astonishment. He said to him: What, did I not judge well? He said to him: Yes, [you judged well]. He said to him: Had this case come before you, how would you have ruled? He said to him: I would have killed them both, and the royal treasury would have taken the money from both of them. He said to him: Do you have rainfall [in your land]? He said to him: Yes. He said to him: Do you have sunshine? He said to him: Yes. He said to him: Do you have flocks of sheep and goats? He said to him: Yes. He said to him; May the spirit of that man [you, Alexander] depart from his body. It is not for your sake that rain falls on you, and it is not for your sake that the sun shines for you. It is, rather, for the sake of the animals, as it is written: “Lord, You save man and animal” (Psalms 36:7) – the Lord saves man for the sake of the animals. Rabbi Yehuda bar Simon interpreted the verse regarding Noah. The Holy One blessed be He said: The righteousness that I performed with Noah in the ark, I performed specifically through the “mighty mountains” (Psalms 36:7) – “The ark rested during the seventh month…[upon the mountains of Ararat]” (Genesis 8:4). “Your judgments are great depths” (Psalms 36:7) – the suffering that I imposed on his generation, I imposed on them specifically through the great depths, as it is stated: “[All the wellsprings of the great depth] were breached” (Genesis 7:11). [“Lord, You save man and animal”] (Psalms 36:7) – when I remembered him, it was not him alone that I remembered, but rather, him and everything that was in the ark with him. That is what is written: “God remembered Noah and all the beasts…”
Another interpretation: That is what is written: “There was a small city, with few men in it, and a great king came against it [and surrounded it]” (Ecclesiastes 9:14). “A small city” – that is the world. “With few men in it” – that is the generation of the Flood. “And a great king came against it and surrounded it” – that is the Holy One blessed be He. “And built great siege works against it” (Ecclesiastes 9:14) – He surrounded it and set ambushes [all around].4He inundated the entire world. “A poor and wise man was found in it” (Ecclesiastes 9:15) – that is Noah. “And he saved the city in his wisdom” (Ecclesiastes 9:15) – “he offered up burnt offerings on the altar” (Genesis 8:20). “But no person remembered that poor man” (Ecclesiastes 9:15) – the Holy One blessed be He said [to those people]: It is you who do not remember him, but I do remember him: “God remembered Noah.”
“The Lord is good to all, and His mercy is upon all His works [maasav]” (Psalms 145:9) – Rabbi Levi said: “The Lord is good to all, [and His mercy is] upon” everything, because they are “His works.”5God is beneficent and good to everyone, because they are all His creations. Rabbi Shmuel said: “The Lord is good to all, and His mercy is upon” everyone, because that is His attribute, that He is merciful.6He interprets maasav to mean: This is His attribute. Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin said in the name of Rabbi Levi: “The Lord is good to all” and imparts some of His mercy to His creations [maasav].7Mercy is a divine attribute, but God imparts some of this trait to mankind, to practice among themselves. Rabbi Tanḥuma and Rabbi Abba bar Avin in the name of Rabbi Aḥa: Tomorrow a year of drought may come and [you will see that] people have compassion for one another, and the Holy One blessed be He [in turn] becomes filled with mercy upon them [and grants rain]. In the days of Rabbi Tanḥuma, the people of Israel needed to declare a fast [due to a drought]. They came to him and said to him: ‘Rabbi, decree a fast.’ He decreed a fast one day, a second day and a third day,8As prescribed in the Mishna (Taanit 1:5). but rain did not fall. He came in [to the synagogue] and preached to them, saying to them: My children, fill yourselves with mercy for one another, and the Holy One blessed be He will then become filled with mercy for you. While they were distributing charity to their poor, they saw someone who was giving money to his divorcée. They came to him [Rabbi Tanḥuma] and said to him: Rabbi, why are we sitting by while there is a transgression taking place here among us?9A man and his divorcée are not permitted to engage together in commercial transactions. He said to them: What is it that you saw? They said to him: We saw so-and-so giving money to his divorcée. He sent for them and brought them into the congregation. He said to him: What is this woman to you? He said to him: She is my divorcée. He said to him: Why were you giving her money? He said to him: Rabbi, I saw that she was in distress, and I became filled with compassion for her.10So I gave her charity. At that moment, Rabbi Tanḥuma lifted his face heavenward and said: Master of the universe, if this man, who has no obligation to support her [his divorcée], saw her in distress and became filled with compassion for her, then regarding You, of whom it is written: “Gracious and merciful” (Psalms 145:8), and us, who are the descendants of Your beloved ones, the sons of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob – all the more so that You should become filled with compassion for us. Thereupon rain fell, and the thirst of the world was quenched. Our Rabbi11Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, often referred to as simply “Rabbi.” was once occupied in Torah study in front of the synagogue of the Babylonians in Tzippori. A certain calf passed by him. It was going off to be slaughtered, and began lowing, as if to say: Save me. He said to it: ‘What can I do for you? It was for this purpose that you were created.’ Rabbi suffered from toothaches for thirteen years. Rabbi Yosei bar Avin said: All those thirteen years that Rabbi suffered from toothaches, no woman in the land of Israel miscarried, and women in childbirth suffered no pain.12Rabbi Yehuda’s suffering served as an atonement for all of them. Sometime later, a small creeping animal passed in front of his daughter, and she was going to kill it. He said to her: ‘My daughter, leave it, as it is written: “His mercy is upon all His works”’ (Psalms 145:9).13Rabbi Yehuda felt that his suffering was due to his having been callous towards that calf instead of feeling pity for it. Our Rabbi was exceedingly humble, and he would say: Anything a person might ask me to do [to show him deference] I would do, except for what the sons of Beteira did to my ancestor,14Hillel the Elder (see Pesaḥim 66a). when they stepped down from their prominent positions and promoted him [in their stead]. But if Rav Huna the Exilarch15The supreme leader of Babylonian Jewry. were to come up to here,16From Babylon. I would stand up before him.17Even though my position is more eminent than his. Why? Because he is from [the tribe of] Judah,18And dominion over Israel rightly belongs to Judah (Genesis 49:10). The exilarch was a descendant of the House of David. and I am from Benjamin; he is from the males of Judah, and I am from the females.19Hillel’s mother was of Davidic ancestry. Rabbi Ḥiyya the Great said to him: ‘Why, he is standing right outside.’ Rabbi’s face became ashen. When he [Ḥiyya] saw that his face had become ashen, he said to him: ‘It is his coffin.’20Rav Huna had died, and his body had been sent for burial in the land of Israel. He [Rabbi] said to him [Rabbi Ḥiyya]: ‘Someone wants you outside, go out and see who it is.’ He went outside and did not find anyone there. He realized that he had been placed under admonishment [by Rabbi],21For having discomfited him. and admonishment lasts for no fewer than thirty days. Rabbi Yosei bar Rabbi Avin said: All those thirty days during which Rabbi Ḥiyya the Great was under admonishment from our Rabbi, he taught his nephew Rav22The founder of Talmudic scholarship in Babylon. all the principles of the Torah, and those are the Torah principles that comprise Babylonian halakha. At the conclusion of thirty days, Elijah of blessed memory came to our Rabbi in the guise of Rabbi Ḥiyya the Great, placed his hand on his tooth and it was cured. When Rabbi Ḥiyya the Great came before Our Rabbi, he [Rabbi Ḥiyya] said to him: ‘What did you do to your tooth?’23He noticed that Rabbi was no longer suffering from toothaches. He said to him: ‘From the time that you placed your hand on it, it was cured.’ He said to him: ‘I do not know anything about that.’ When he [Rabbi] heard this,24He realized that Elijah had presented himself as Rabbi Ḥiyya. he began treating him with respect, and when he would gather students, he would position him in the inner circle. Rabbi Yishmael ben Rabbi Yosei said: ‘[Will he be placed] even closer [to you] than I?’ He said to him: ‘God forbid, such a thing shall not be done in Israel.’25An expression from II Samuel 13:12. Our Rabbi used to relate the praises of Rabbi Ḥiyya the Great before Rabbi Yishmael ben Rabbi Yosei. He said to him: ‘He is a great man, a holy man.’ One time, he saw him in the bathhouse, and he [Rabbi Ḥiyya] did not show him deference. He [Rabbi Yishmael] said to him [Rabbi]: ‘That student of yours whom you praise, I saw him in the bathhouse and he did not show deference to me.’ He said to him [to Rabbi Ḥiyya]: ‘Why did you not show deference to him?’ Rabbi Ḥiyya said to him: ‘I was deep in thought about the aggada of Psalms [and did not notice him].’ When he [Rabbi] heard this, he appointed for him two students who would enter with him to the caldarium, so that he would not tarry there26Since he was given to becoming distracted in his studies. and have his life compromised. Another interpretation: “The Lord is good to all…” (Psalms 145:9); “God remembered Noah….” – Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said: Woe unto the wicked, as they transform [God’s] attribute of mercy into the attribute of strict justice. Everywhere that “the Lord” is stated, it refers to the attribute of mercy – “the Lord, the Lord, merciful and gracious God” (Exodus 34:6); yet it is written: “The Lord saw that the wickedness of man was great on the earth” (Genesis 6:5); “the Lord regretted that He had made man” (Genesis 6:6); “the Lord said: I will obliterate…” (Genesis 6:7).27Even God’s attribute of mercy (indicated by the name “the Lord”) became hardened as a result of these evildoers. Fortunate are the righteous, as they transform the attribute of strict justice into the attribute of mercy. Everywhere that God [Elohim] is stated, it refers to the attribute of justice. “You shall not curse judges [elohim]” (Exodus 22:27); “the please of both of them shall come to the judges [elohim]” (Exodus 22:8); yet it is written: “God [Elohim] heard their groan, and God [Elohim] remembered His covenant…” (Exodus 2:24); “God [Elohim] remembered Rachel…” (Genesis 30:22); “God [Elohim] remembered Noah.”28Even God’s attribute of strict justice (indicated by “Elohim”) is softened on behalf of the righteous. What [favorable] memory did [God] remember to his credit? It was that he fed and sustained them [the animals] all twelve months in the ark.29That is what is meant by “God remembered Noah, and all the beasts, etc.” “God remembered Noah” – and it is only reasonable that it was [also] due to the merit of the kosher animals that he took with him.30Noah took seven of each kosher animal, rather than two, in order to offer them as sacrifices, and it was this merit that was remembered to his credit. This is derived from “God remembered Noah…and all the animals that were with him in the ark.” Rabbi Eliezer says: He [Noah] got his name from the offering [he made to God], as it is stated: “The Lord smelled the pleasing [niḥoaḥ] aroma” (Genesis 8:21). Rabbi Yosei bar Ḥanina said: He got his name from the resting of the ark, as it is stated: “The ark rested [vatanaḥ] in the seventh month…” (Genesis 8:4). Rabbi Yehoshua says: “[Planting and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night] shall not cease” (Genesis 8:22) – the implication is that they had ceased [during the Flood]. Rabbi Yoḥanan said: The constellations did not function all twelve months [of the Flood]. Rabbi Yonatan said to him: They functioned, but their effect was not noticeable.
“The wellsprings of the depth and the windows of the heavens were dammed, and the rain from the heavens was terminated” (Genesis 8:2). “The wellsprings of the depth…were dammed” – Rabbi Elazar said: In a bad context [it states]: “On that day all the wellsprings of the great depth were breached” (Genesis 7:11), but in a good context [it states]: “The wellsprings31Omitting the word “all.” of the depth…were dammed” – but not all the wellsprings, to exclude the [hot] spring of Tiberias, Ḥamat Gader, and the Banyas Cave. “The ark rested in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, upon the mountains of Ararat” (Genesis 8:4). “The ark rested in the seventh month, on the seventeenth [day of the month, upon the mountains of Ararat]” – on the Corduene mountains.
“It was at the end of forty days, and Noah opened the window of the ark that he made” (Genesis 8:6). “It was at the end of forty days, and Noah opened [the window of the ark]” – this supports what Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said [earlier], that [the ark’s tzohar] was a window.32This is his interpretation of tzohar (Genesis 6:15) in Bereshit Rabba 31:11. “He sent the raven, and it went back and forth, until the drying of the water from upon the earth” (Genesis 8:7). “He sent the raven” – that is what is written: “He sent darkness and made it dark” (Psalms 105:28).33This is a poetic reference to the raven that Noah sent off. It is dark in color, and brought darkness as its reply, in that it did not perform its task but returned immediately to the ark. “And it went back and forth [vashov]” – Rabbi Yudan in the name of Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon: It began presenting arguments [meshivo] to him [Noah]. He said to him, [as it were]:34By returning immediately and thereby refusing to carry out its task, it was as if it was protesting Noah’s choice of messenger. Of all the animals, beasts, and birds that are here, you are sending only me?35Why not send one of the species of which there are seven individuals? There are only two ravens, and by sending me off, you will effectively eradicate my species. He said to him: What need does the world have for you – [you are fit] neither for food nor for an offering.36Unlike the other animals, which are useful in some way. Noah did not want to allow the raven back into the ark. Rabbi Berekhya said in the name of Rabbi Abba bar Kahana: The Holy One blessed be He said to him [Noah]: Accept it [back into the ark], as the world will have a need for it in the future. He said to Him: When? He said to him: “Until the drying of the water from upon the earth” – a certain righteous man37Elijah the prophet (see I Kings 17:1). is destined to arise and dry out the world, and I will bring it about that he will have a need for it [the raven]. That is what is written: “The ravens [orevim] would bring him bread and meat in the morning, and bread and meat in the evening” (I Kings 17:6). Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Neḥemya: Rabbi Yehuda says: There is a city in the environs of Beit She’an whose name is Aravi.38People from there were called Orevim, and it was they who brought food to Elijah. Rabbi Neḥemya said: They were actual ravens. From where did they bring it [the food]? From the table of Yehoshafat. Rabbi Akiva delivered a homily in Ginzak regarding the generation of the Flood, and they did not weep,39Although an entire generation was annihilated. but when he mentioned to them the story of Job, they immediately wept. He applied this verse to them [to the generation of the Flood]: “The womb will forget him; he will be sweet for the maggots; he will no longer be remembered, and injustice will be broken like a tree” (Job 24:20).40This passage in Job is often interpreted as a reference to the generation of the Flood. “The womb [reḥem] will forget him” – they caused mercy [raḥamim] to be forgotten among mankind;41By acting with cruel injustice towards one another. the Holy One blessed be He, too, caused His mercy to be forgotten from them. “He will be sweet for the maggots” – their flesh will be sweet for the maggots. “He will no longer be remembered, and injustice will be broken like a tree” – Rabbi Abbahu said: It is not written, “will be uprooted,” but rather, “will be broken” – like something that is broken and does not produce a replacement.42When a tree is uprooted it can be replanted elsewhere, but if it is broken it cannot regenerate. What is it?43Which group of people is the verse referring to here? It is the generation of the Dispersion.44After the Dispersion, mankind never returned to being united with “one language and one speech” (Genesis 11:1).
“He sent the dove from him, to see if the water abated from upon the surface of the ground” (Genesis 8:8). “But the dove did not find rest for its foot, and it returned to him to the ark, as water was upon the surface of the entire earth; and he extended his hand and took it, and brought it to him to the ark” (Genesis 8:9). “He sent the dove…but the dove did not find rest…” – Yehuda bar Naḥman said in the name of Rabbi Shimon: Had it found rest, it would not have returned. Similarly, “it45The people of Israel. dwells among the nations, finding no rest” (Lamentations 1:3) – had it found rest, it would never have returned [from exile]. Similarly, “and among these nations you will not be calm, and there will be no rest…” (Deuteronomy 28:65) – but had it46The people of Israel. found rest they would never have returned. “He waited yet another seven days and again sent the dove from the ark. The dove came to him at evening time, and behold, it had a plucked olive leaf in its mouth; and Noah knew that the water had abated from upon the earth” (Genesis 8:10–11). “He waited yet another seven days” – Rabbi Yosei said: There were three sets of seven days.47There was a seven-day period between the sending of the raven and the first sending of the dove, though that is not mentioned in the verses, in addition to the two seven-day periods between the three times the dove was sent. And again sent the dove from the ark…the dove came to him…plucked [taraf]…in its mouth” – what is taraf? “Killed,”48The plucking of the leaf led to the tree’s death. just as you say: “Joseph had been mauled [tarof toraf]” (Genesis 37:33). He said to it: Had you left it, it would have become a great tree. From where did it [the dove] bring it [the leaf]?49Given that the entire surface of the earth had been destroyed. It was from the branches in the Land of Israel that it brought it. Rabbi Levi said: It brought it from the Mount of Olives, as the Land of Israel was not inundated in the Flood. That is what the Holy One blessed be He said to Ezekiel: “It is a land that has not been purified, that was not rained upon on the day of fury” (Ezekiel 22:24). Rav Beivai said: The gates of the Garden of Eden opened up before it, and it brought it [from there]. Rabbi Abbahu said: Had it brought it from the Garden of Eden, would it not have brought an item of greater excellence, either cinnamon or balsam? It is, rather, that it was alluding to a lesson for him. It was saying to Noah: Better this bitter item, and not something sweet dependent upon your hand.50Through the allusion of the dove with the olive leaf, God implied that it is better for a person to work for his own sustenance, even if he can afford only bitter food, than to receive sweet food as a handout. “He waited yet another seven days and sent the dove, and it did not return again to him anymore” (Genesis 8:12). “He waited yet another seven days” – this supports what Rabbi Yosei bar Ḥanina said: There were three sets of seven days; “He…sent the dove, and it did not return again to him anymore.”
“It was in the six hundred and first year, in the first month, on the first of the month, the water began to dry from upon the earth; Noah removed the cover of the ark, and he saw, and behold, the surface of the ground had begun to dry” (Genesis 8:13). “It was in the six hundred and first year, in the first month, on the first of the month” – we learned: The judgment of the generation of the Flood lasted twelve months.51It began on the seventeenth day of the second month (Genesis 7:11), and ended on the twenty-seventh of the second month the following year (Genesis 8:14). How [did it progress]? “In the six hundredth year of the life of Noah, in the second month,52That being Marḥeshvan. on the seventeenth day of the month” (Genesis 7:11); and it is written: “The rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights” (Genesis 7:12) – that is [the remainder of] Marḥeshvan and [nearly all of] Kislev. “The water accumulated upon the earth for one hundred and fifty days” (Genesis 7:24) – that accounts for Tevet, Shevat, Adar, Nisan, and Iyar.53And the following day, at the beginning of Sivan, the water began to recede. “The ark rested in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, upon the mountains of Ararat” (Genesis 8:4) – this refers to Sivan, which was the seventh [month counting] from the cessation of the rain.54It cannot be referring to Nisan, which is the actual seventh month counting from Rosh HaShana, because the accumulation continued into Iyar, as explained previously. For sixteen days the water receded, one cubit every four days,55The water began to recede on the first of Sivan, as explained previously, and reached ground level on the first of Av, as the Midrash mentions later, for a total of sixty days of recession. The water was fifteen cubits deep (Genesis 7:20). The recession of the water, then, took place at the rate of one cubit per four days. being one and a half handbreadths per day.56There are six handbreadths in a cubit. You thus come to the conclusion that the ark was submerged eleven cubits into the water.57Since the water began receding on the first of Sivan, and the bottom of the ark touched ground sixteen days later, when the water had gone down to a height of eleven cubits. And it [the water] receded completely over the course of sixty days. That is what is written: “The water gradually receded until the tenth month” (Genesis 8:5) – this is Av, which is the tenth [month counting] from the falling of the rain. Another interpretation:58The midrash is addressing the fact that Scripture states twice that the wetness dried up (8:13–14). “It was in the six hundred and first year, in the first month, on the first of the month, the water began to dry from upon the earth” – it [the earth] became like a soaking wet object. “And in the second month, on the twenty-seventh day of the month, the earth dried” (Genesis 8:14) – it became like completely dry land. They sowed it, but it did not grow anything. Why? Because it59The moisture in the ground. represented a curse,60The water in the soil, which was leftover from the Flood, was cursed water. and that which represents a curse cannot bring about blessing. So they waited until rain fell, and they sowed [again]. The verse should have rather said: “And on the sixteenth day of the second month, the earth dried.”61That would have made the duration of the Flood exactly one year long, as it began on the seventeenth of the second month in the previous year. Why, then, does the verse state: And on the twenty-seventh day of the second month, the earth dried” (Genesis 8:14)? These [extra days] were the eleven days that the solar year is longer than the lunar year.62A solar year is 365 days, whereas twelve lunar months add up to 354 days. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel said: Anyone who wishes to ascertain that the solar cycle is eleven days longer than the lunar cycle, let him make a scratch on the wall [where the sun reaches at a given time of day] during the season of Tamuz.63Summer The next year at the same time, the sun will not reach that point until eleven days later. From this you can ascertain that the solar cycle is eleven days longer than the lunar cycle.
וַיִּזְכֹּר אֱלֹהִים אֶת נֹחַ וְאֵת כָּל הַחַיָּה וגו' (בראשית ח, א), וּכְתִיב (תהלים לו, ז): צִדְקָתְךָ כְּהַרְרֵי אֵל מִשְׁפָּטֶיךָ תְּהוֹם רַבָּה אָדָם וּבְהֵמָה תּוֹשִׁיעַ ה', רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל וְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר בִּזְכוּת הַצַּדִּיקִים שֶׁקִּבְּלוּ אֶת הַתּוֹרָה שֶׁנִּתְּנָה מֵהַרְרֵי אֵל אַתְּ עוֹשֶׂה עִמָּהֶם צְדָקָה עַד כְּהַרְרֵי אֵל, אֲבָל רְשָׁעִים שֶׁלֹא קִבְּלוּ אֶת הַתּוֹרָה שֶׁנִּתְּנָה מֵהַרְרֵי אֵל, אַתְּ מְדַקְדֵּק עִמָּהֶם עַד תְּהוֹם רַבָּה. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר אֵלּוּ וָאֵלּוּ מְדַקְדֵּק עִמָּהֶם עַד תְּהוֹם רַבָּה, מְדַקְדֵּק עִם הַצַּדִּיקִים וְגוֹבֶה מֵהֶם מִעוּט מַעֲשִׂים רָעִים שֶׁעָשׂוּ בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה כְּדֵי לְהַשְׁפִּיעַ לָהֶם שַׁלְוָה, וְלִתֵּן לָהֶם שָׂכָר טוֹב לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, מַשְׁפִּיעַ שַׁלְוָה לָרְשָׁעִים וְנוֹתֵן לָהֶם שְׂכַר מִצְווֹת קַלּוֹת שֶׁעָשׂוּ בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה כְּדֵי לְהִפָּרַע מֵהֶן לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא. אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי מָשַׁל אֶת הַצַּדִּיקִים בְּדִירָתָן וְאֶת הָרְשָׁעִים בְּדִירָתָן, אֶת הַצַּדִּיקִים בְּדִירָתָן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יחזקאל לד, יד): בְּמִרְעֶה טוֹב אֶרְעֶה אֹתָם וּבְהָרֵי מְרוֹם יִשְׂרָאֵל יִהְיֶה נְוֵהֶם, וְאֶת הָרְשָׁעִים בְּדִירָתָן (יחזקאל לא, טו): כֹּה אָמַר ה' אֱלֹהִים בְּיוֹם רִדְתּוֹ שְׁאֹלָה הֶאֱבַלְתִּי כִּסֵּתִי עָלָיו אֶת תְּהוֹם, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר רַבִּי אָמַר הוֹבַלְתִּי כְּתִיב. אֵין עוֹשִׂין כִּסּוּי לַגִּיגִית לֹא שֶׁל כֶּסֶף וְלֹא שֶׁל זָהָב וְלֹא שֶׁל נְחשֶׁת אֶלָּא חֶרֶס לְאוֹתָם שֶׁהֵם מִמִּינָהּ, כָּךְ רְשָׁעִים חשֶׁךְ, גֵּיהִנֹּם חשֶׁךְ, תְּהוֹם חשֶׁךְ, הוֹבַלְתִּי רְשָׁעִים לַגֵּיהִנֹּם, וְכִסֵּתִי עֲלֵיהֶם אֶת הַתְּהוֹם, חשֶׁךְ יְכַסֶּה חשֶׁךְ. רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יֹאשִׁיָה מְסָרֵס קְרָא צִדְקָתְךָ עַד מִשְׁפָּטֶיךָ, כְּהַרְרֵי אֵל עַד תְּהוֹם רַבָּה, מָה הָרִים הַלָּלוּ אֵין לָהֶם סוֹף, אַף הַצַּדִּיקִים אֵין לָהֶם סוֹף לְמַתַּן שְׂכָרָן. מָה הָרִים הַלָּלוּ נִכְבָּשִׁים לַתְּהוֹם שֶׁלֹא יַעֲלֶה וְיַצִּיף אֶת הָעוֹלָם, כָּךְ הֵם הַצַּדִּיקִים נִכְבָּשִׁים עַל הַפֻּרְעָנוּת שֶׁלֹא יֵצְאוּ וְיִשְׂרְפוּ אֶת הָעוֹלָם. וּמָה הָרִים הַלָּלוּ נִזְרָעִים וְעוֹשִׂים פֵּרוֹת, כָּךְ מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים עוֹשִׂים פֵּרוֹת, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ישעיה ג, י): אִמְרוּ צַדִּיק כִּי טוֹב וגו'. וּמַה תְּהוֹם זֶה אֵין לוֹ חֵקֶר, כָּךְ אֵין לְפֻרְעָנוּתָן שֶׁל רְשָׁעִים חֵקֶר, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ישעיה ג, יא): אוֹי לְרָשָׁע רָע, וּמַה הַתְּהוֹם הַזֶּה לֹא נִזְרָע וְלֹא עוֹשֶׂה פֵּרוֹת, כָּךְ אֵין מַעֲשֵׂיהֶן שֶׁל רְשָׁעִים עוֹשִׂין פֵּרוֹת, שֶׁאִלּוּ הָיוּ עוֹשִׂין פֵּרוֹת הָיוּ מַחֲרִיבִין אֶת הָעוֹלָם. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי סְלֵיק לְרוֹמִי חָמָא תַּמָּן עַמּוּדִים מְכוּסִים בְּטַפִּיסִין, בַּצִּנָּה שֶׁלֹא יִקָּרְשׁוּ, וּבַשָּׁרָב שֶׁלֹא יִתְבַּקָּעוּ, וְכִי הֲוָה מְהַלֵּךְ בְּשׁוּקָא חָמָא חַד מִסְכֵּן מְכָרֵיךְ בְּחָדָא מַחְצְלָא, וְאִית דְּאָמְרִין פַּלְגָא מִרְדַּעַת דַּחֲמָרָא. עַל אוֹתָן הָעַמּוּדִים קָרָא צִדְקָתְךָ כְּהַרְרֵי אֵל, הָן דִּיהַבְתְּ אַשְׁפַּע, עַל אוֹתוֹ הֶעָנִי קָרָא מִשְׁפָּטֶיךָ תְּהוֹם רַבָּה, הָן דִּמְחֵית גָּיַית. אֲלֶכְּסַנְדְּרוֹס מוֹקְדוֹן אֲזַל לְגַבֵּי מַלְכָּא קַצְיָא לַאֲחוֹרֵי הָרֵי חשֶׁךְ, וּשְׁלַח לֵיהּ, נְפַק לֵיהּ וְהוּא טָעֵין גִּדּוּמֵי דִּדְהַב בְּגוֹ דִּסְקוּס דִּדְהַב, אֲמַר לֵיהּ לְמָמוֹנָךְ אֲנָא צְרִיךְ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ וְלֹא הָיָה לְךָ מַה מֵּיכוֹל בְּאַרְעָךְ דַּאֲתֵית לָךְ לְהָדֵין, אֲמַר לֵיהּ לָא אָתֵית אֶלָּא בָּעְיָא לְמֵידַע הֵיךְ אַתּוּן דָּיְנִין, יְתִיב גַּבֵּיהּ, יוֹמָא חָדָא אָתָא חַד בַּר נָשׁ קֳבֵל עַל חַבְרֵיהּ, אֲמַר הָדֵין גַּבְרָא זַבַּן לִי חָדָא קִלְקַלְתָּא וְאַשְׁכָּחִית בְּגַוָּהּ סִימְתָא, הַהוּא דְּזָבִין אֲמַר קִלְקַלְתָּא זַבְּנִית סִימְתָא לָא זַבְּנִית, וְהַהוּא דְּזַבַּן אֲמַר קִלְקַלְתָּא וּמַה דִּבְגַּוָּהּ זַבֵּנִית. אֲמַר לְחַד מִנַּיְיהוּ אִית לָךְ בַּר דְּכַר, אֲמַר לֵיהּ הֵין. וַאֲמַר לְאוֹחֲרָנֵי אִית לָךְ בְּרַתָּא נֻקְבָא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ הֵין. אֲמַר לְהוֹן זִיל אַסֵּיב דֵּין לְדֵין וַהֲוֵי מָמוֹנָא לְתַרְוֵיהוֹן. חֲמָתֵיהּ יָתֵיב תָּמַהּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מָה לָא דַיְינִית טַב, אֲמַר לֵיהּ אֵין. אֲמַר לֵיהּ אִלּוּ הָיָה גַּבֵּכוֹן הֵיךְ הֲוֵיתוּן דָּיְנִין, אֲמַר לֵיהּ קָטְלִין דֵּין וְדֵין וּמַלְכוּתָא נָסְבָא מָמוֹנָא דְּתַרְוֵיהוֹן. אֲמַר לֵיהּ אִית גַּבְּכוֹן מָטָר נָחֵית, אֲמַר לֵיהּ הֵין: אֲמַר לֵיהּ אִית גַּבְּכוֹן שִׁמְשָׁא דָּנַח, אֲמַר לֵיהּ הֵין, אֲמַר לֵיהּ אִית גַּבְּכוֹן בְּעִיר דַּקִיק, אֲמַר לֵיהּ הֵן, אֲמַר לֵיהּ תִּפַּח רוּחֵיהּ דְּהַהוּא גַבְרָא לָא בִּזְכוּתְכוֹן נָחֵית מְטַר וְלָא בִּזְכוּתְכוֹן שִׁמְשָׁא דָּנְחָה עֲלֵיכוֹן, אֶלָּא בִּזְכוּתֵיהּ דִּבְעִירָא, דִּכְתִיב (תהלים לו, ז): אָדָם וּבְהֵמָה תּוֹשִׁיעַ ה', אָדָם בִּזְכוּת בְּהֵמָה תּוֹשִׁיעַ ה'. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר סִימוֹן פְּתַר קְרָיָה בְּנֹחַ, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא צְדָקָה שֶׁעָשִׂיתִי עִם נֹחַ בַּתֵּבָה לֹא עָשִׂיתִי עִמּוֹ אֶלָּא עִם הַרְרֵי אֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ח, ד): וַתָּנַח הַתֵּבָה בַּחֹדֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִי וגו'. (תהלים לו, ז): מִשְׁפָּטֶיךָ תְּהוֹם רַבָּה, יִסּוּרִין שֶׁהֵבֵאתִי עַל דּוֹרוֹ לֹא הֵבֵאתִי עֲלֵיהֶן אֶלָּא מִתְּהוֹם רַבָּה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ז, יא): נִבְקְעוּ וגו', וּכְשֶׁזָּכַרְתִּי לוֹ, לֹא לוֹ לְבַדּוֹ הִזְכַּרְתִּי, אֶלָּא לוֹ וּלְכָל שֶׁיֵּשׁ עִמּוֹ בַּתֵּבָה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: וַיִּזְכֹּר אֱלֹהִים אֶת נֹחַ וְאֵת כָּל הַחַיָּה וגו'.
“God remembered Noah, and all the beasts, and all the animals that were with him in the ark; God caused a wind to pass over the earth, and the water subsided” (Genesis 8:1).
“God remembered Noah, and all the beasts…” – and it is written: “Your righteousness is like mighty mountains [keharerei el]; Your judgments are great depths. Lord, You save man and animal” (Psalms 36:7). Rabbi Yishmael and Rabbi Akiva: Rabbi Yishmael says: The righteous, who accepted the Torah that was given from the mountains of God [meharerei el], You perform righteousness with them [to the greatest extent,] up to the mighty mountains. But the wicked, who did not accept the Torah that was given from the mountains of God, You are exacting with them [to the greatest extent,] down to great depths. Rabbi Akiva says: With both these and those He is exacting down to great depths. He is exacting with the righteous by collecting His due from them for the few bad deeds that they performed in this world, in order to shower them with tranquility and give them a better reward in the World to Come. And He showers the wicked with tranquility and gives them reward for the few good deeds that they performed in this world in order to exact [a fuller] retribution from them in the World to Come.
Rabbi Levi said: The verse metaphorically compares [the reward of] the righteous to their abode and [the reward of] the wicked to their abode. The [reward of the] righteous to their abode, as it is stated: “In a good grazing land I will herd them, and on the mountains of the height of Israel will be their pasture” (Ezekiel 34:14). And the [reward of the] wicked to their abode: “So said the Lord God: On the day that he descended to the netherworld I caused mourning [he’evalti]; I covered him in the depths” (Ezekiel 31:15). Rabbi Yehuda bar Rabbi said: Hovalti is written.1With a vav instead of an alef, meaning “I led him [to the netherworld].” (In our text of the Bible it is in fact written with an alef.) One does not craft a cover for a vat out of silver or gold, but rather out of earthenware, which is of the same material [as the vat itself]. So too, the wicked themselves are darkness, Gehenna is darkness, the depths of the earth are darkness. I led [hovalti] the wicked to Gehenna and covered them over with the depths of the earth, darkness covering darkness.
Rabbi Yonatan in the name of Rabbi Yoshiya transposes the [words of the] verse: “Your righteousness is upon Your judgments”; “like mighty mountains are upon the great depths.”2See Psalms 36:7. Just as the mountains weigh down the water of the deep so it should not rise and inundate the world, so do the righteous suppress [God’s strict judgments and] punishments so they should not emerge and incinerate the world. Just as the mountains are endless, so is the reward of the righteous endless.3This is an exposition on the straightforward reading of the verse: “Your righteousness is like mighty mountains.” We have transposed the order of sentences in our translation, in accordance with the commentators. Just as the mountains are sown and produce fruit, so, the actions of the righteous produce fruit. That is what is written: “Say of the righteous man that it shall be well with him, [for they will eat the fruit of their actions]” (Isaiah 3:10).
And just as the depths of the earth are unmeasurable, so is the punishment of the wicked unmeasurable. That is what is written: “Woe to the wicked one who does evil” (Isaiah 3:11). Just as the depths of the earth are not sown and do not produce fruit, so, the actions of the wicked do not produce fruit, as, were they to produce fruit, they would destroy the world.
Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi once went up to Rome. There he saw pillars covered over with tapestries, so they would not freeze in the cold or split apart in the heat. But when he would walk in the marketplace, he saw a poor man wrapped in a mat, and some say in half a donkey’s saddlecloth. Regarding those pillars, he recited the verse: “Your righteousness is like mighty mountains” (Psalms 36:7) – to the one to whom You give, You give abundantly. Regarding that poor man, he recited the verse: “Your judgments are great depths” (Psalms 36:7) – to the one whom You hit, You hit powerfully.
Alexander of Macedonia once went to the king of Katzia, beyond the Mountains of Darkness. He [Alexander] sent for him [to come see him]. He came out and he was carrying a golden loaf on a platter of gold. He said to him: Do I need your money? He said to him: Did you not have what to eat in your land that you came here? He said to him: I came only because I wish to know how you people administer justice. He sat with him. One day, someone came to him with a claim against another person. He said: This man sold me a ruin and I found a hidden treasure in it. The buyer said: I bought [only] a ruin; I did not buy a hidden treasure, [so it belongs to the seller]. The seller said: I sold the ruin and whatever was in it, [so it belongs to the buyer]. He said to one of them: Do you have a son? He said to him: Yes. He said to the other: Do you have a daughter? He said to him: Yes. He said to them: Go marry them off to each other, and the money will belong to both of them. He [the king] saw that he [Alexander] was sitting there in astonishment. He said to him: What, did I not judge well? He said to him: Yes, [you judged well]. He said to him: Had this case come before you, how would you have ruled? He said to him: I would have killed them both, and the royal treasury would have taken the money from both of them. He said to him: Do you have rainfall [in your land]? He said to him: Yes. He said to him: Do you have sunshine? He said to him: Yes. He said to him: Do you have flocks of sheep and goats? He said to him: Yes. He said to him; May the spirit of that man [you, Alexander] depart from his body. It is not for your sake that rain falls on you, and it is not for your sake that the sun shines for you. It is, rather, for the sake of the animals, as it is written: “Lord, You save man and animal” (Psalms 36:7) – the Lord saves man for the sake of the animals.
Rabbi Yehuda bar Simon interpreted the verse regarding Noah. The Holy One blessed be He said: The righteousness that I performed with Noah in the ark, I performed specifically through the “mighty mountains” (Psalms 36:7) – “The ark rested during the seventh month…[upon the mountains of Ararat]” (Genesis 8:4). “Your judgments are great depths” (Psalms 36:7) – the suffering that I imposed on his generation, I imposed on them specifically through the great depths, as it is stated: “[All the wellsprings of the great depth] were breached” (Genesis 7:11). [“Lord, You save man and animal”] (Psalms 36:7) – when I remembered him, it was not him alone that I remembered, but rather, him and everything that was in the ark with him. That is what is written: “God remembered Noah and all the beasts…”
דָבָר אַחֵר, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (קהלת ט, יד): עִיר קְטַנָּה וַאֲנָשִׁים בָּהּ מְעָט וּבָא אֵלֶיהָ מֶלֶךְ גָּדוֹל. עִיר קְטַנָּה, זֶה הָעוֹלָם. וַאֲנָשִׁים בָּהּ מְעָט, זֶה דּוֹר הַמַּבּוּל. וּבָא אֵלֶיהָ מֶלֶךְ גָּדוֹל וְסָבַב אֹתָהּ, זֶה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. וּבָנָה עָלֶיהָ מְצוֹדִים גְּדֹלִים, עִקְמָן וּכְמָנָן. וּמָצָא בָהּ אִישׁ מִסְכֵּן וְחָכָם, זֶה נֹחַ. וּמִלַּט הוּא אֶת הָעִיר בְּחָכְמָתוֹ, (בראשית ח, כ): וַיַּעַל עֹלֹת בַּמִּזְבֵּחַ. וְאָדָם לֹא זָכַר אֶת הָאִישׁ הַמִּסְכֵּן הַהוּא, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אַתּוּן לֵית אַתּוּן מְנַהֲרִים לֵיהּ, אֲנָא מַנְהַר לֵיהּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיִּזְכֹּר אֱלֹהִים אֶת נֹחַ.
Another interpretation: That is what is written: “There was a small city, with few men in it, and a great king came against it [and surrounded it]” (Ecclesiastes 9:14). “A small city” – that is the world. “With few men in it” – that is the generation of the Flood. “And a great king came against it and surrounded it” – that is the Holy One blessed be He. “And built great siege works against it” (Ecclesiastes 9:14) – He surrounded it and set ambushes [all around].4He inundated the entire world. “A poor and wise man was found in it” (Ecclesiastes 9:15) – that is Noah. “And he saved the city in his wisdom” (Ecclesiastes 9:15) – “he offered up burnt offerings on the altar” (Genesis 8:20). “But no person remembered that poor man” (Ecclesiastes 9:15) – the Holy One blessed be He said [to those people]: It is you who do not remember him, but I do remember him: “God remembered Noah.”
טוֹב ה' לַכֹּל וְרַחֲמָיו עַל כָּל מַעֲשָׂיו (תהלים קמה, ט), אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי טוֹב ה' לַכֹּל, עַל הַכֹּל, שֶׁהוּא מַעֲשָׂיו. אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל טוֹב ה' לַכֹּל וְרַחֲמָיו עַל הַכֹּל שֶׁהֵן מִדּוֹתָיו הוּא מְרַחֵם. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסִכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר טוֹב ה' לַכֹּל, וּמֵרַחֲמָיו הוּא נוֹתֵן לִבְרִיּוֹתָיו. רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא וְרַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר אָבִין בְּשֵׁם רַב אַחָא לְמָחָר שְׁנַת בַּצֹּרֶת בָּאָה וְהַבְּרִיּוֹת מְרַחֲמִין אֵלּוּ עַל אֵלּוּ, וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מִתְמַלֵּא עֲלֵיהֶן רַחֲמִים. בְּיוֹמֵי דְּרַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא הָיוּ צְרִיכִין יִשְׂרָאֵל לְתַעֲנִית, אָתוֹן לְגַבֵּיהּ אָמְרִין לֵיהּ רַבִּי גְּזָר תַּעֲנִיתָא, גָּזַר תַּעֲנִיתָא יוֹם קַדְמָאי יוֹם ב' יוֹם ג' וְלָא נְחַת מִטְרָא, עָאל וְדָרַשׁ לְהוֹן אֲמַר לְהוֹן בָּנַי הִתְמַלְּאוּ רַחֲמִים אֵלּוּ עַל אֵלּוּ וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מִתְמַלֵּא עֲלֵיכֶם רַחֲמִים. עַד שֶׁהֵן מְחַלְּקִין צְדָקָה לַעֲנִיֵּיהֶם רָאוּ אָדָם אֶחָד נוֹתֵן מָעוֹת לִגְרוּשָׁתוֹ, אָתוֹן לְגַבֵּיהּ וַאֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ, רַבִּי מָה אֲנַן יָתְבִין הָכָא וַעֲבֵרְתָּא הָכָא. אֲמַר לָהֶן מָה רְאִיתֶם, אָמְרוּ לוֹ רָאִינוּ אָדָם פְּלוֹנִי נוֹתֵן מָעוֹת לִגְרוּשָׁתוֹ, שְׁלַח בַּתְרֵיהוֹן וְאַיְיתִינוֹן לְגוֹ צִבּוּרָא. אָמַר לֵיהּ מָה הִיא לָךְ זוֹ, אָמַר לוֹ גְּרוּשָׁתִי הִיא. אָמַר לוֹ מִפְּנֵי מָה נָתַתָּ לָהּ מָעוֹת, אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי רָאִיתִי אוֹתָהּ בְּצָרָה וְהִתְמַלֵּאתִי עָלֶיהָ רַחֲמִים. בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה הִגְבִּיהַּ רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא פָּנָיו כְּלַפֵּי מַעְלָה וְאָמַר רִבּוֹן כָּל הָעוֹלָמִים מָה אִם זֶה שֶׁאֵין לָהּ עָלָיו מְזוֹנוֹת רָאָה אוֹתָהּ בְּצָרָה וְנִתְמַלֵּא עָלֶיהָ רַחֲמִים, אַתָּה שֶׁכָּתוּב בְּךָ (תהלים קמה, ח): חַנּוּן וְרַחוּם, וְאָנוּ בְּנֵי יְדִידֶיךָ בְּנֵי אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה שֶׁתִּתְמַלֵּא עָלֵינוּ רַחֲמִים, מִיָּד יָרְדוּ גְּשָׁמִים וְנִתְרַוָּה הָעוֹלָם. רַבֵּנוּ הֲוָה יָתֵיב לָעֵי בְּאוֹרַיְתָא קַמֵּי כְּנִשְׁתָּא דְּבַבְלָאי בְּצִפּוֹרִין, עֲבַר חַד עֵגֶל קוֹדָמוֹי, אָזֵל לְמִתְנְכָסָה וְשָׁרֵי גָּעֵי כְּמֵימַר שֵׁיזִבְנִי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ וּמָה אֲנִי יָכוֹל לְמֶעְבַּד לָךְ לְכָךְ נוֹצַרְתָּ, וְחָשַׁשׁ רַבִּי אֶת שִׁנָּיו שְׁלשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר אָבִין כָּל אוֹתָן שְׁלשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה שֶׁהָיָה חוֹשֵׁשׁ רַבִּי אֶת שִׁנָּיו, לֹא הִפִּילָה עֻבָּרָה בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְלֹא נִצְטַעֲרוּ הַיּוֹלְדוֹת, בָּתַר יוֹמִין עֲבַר חַד שֶׁרֶץ קַמֵּי בְּרַתֵּיהּ וּבְעָא לְמִקְטְלָא, אֲמַר לָהּ בְּרַתִּי שַׁבְקֵיהּ, דִּכְתִיב: וְרַחֲמָיו עַל כָּל מַעֲשָׂיו. רַבֵּנוּ הֲוָה עִנְוָתָן סַגֵּי, וַהֲוָה אֲמַר כָּל מַה דְּיֹאמַר לִי בַּר נַשׁ אֲנָא עָבֵיד חוּץ מִמַּה שֶּׁעָשׂוּ בְּנֵי בְתֵירָא לִזְקֵנִי, שֶׁיָּרְדוּ מִגְדֻלָּתָן וְהֶעֱלוּ אוֹתוֹ, וְאִין סָלֵיק רַב הוּנָא רֵישׁ גָּלוּתָא לְהָכָא, אֲנָא קָאֵים לִי מִן קֳדָמוֹהִי, לָמָּה דְּהוּא מִן יְהוּדָה וַאֲנָא מִן בִּנְיָמִין, וְהוּא מִן דִּכְרַיָא דִּיהוּדָה וַאֲנָא מִן נֻקְבְתָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי חִיָּא רַבָּה וַהֲרֵי הוּא עוֹמֵד בַּחוּץ, נִתְכַּרְכְּמוּ פָּנָיו שֶׁל רַבִּי וְכֵיוָן שֶׁרָאָה שֶׁנִּתְכַּרְכְּמוּ פָּנָיו אָמַר לוֹ אֲרוֹנוֹ הוּא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ פּוֹק חֲזֵי מַאן בָּעֵי לָךְ לְבָרָא, נָפַק וְלָא אַשְׁכַּח בַּר נָשׁ, וְיָדַע דְּהוּא נָזוּף וְאֵין נְזִיפָה פְּחוּתָה מִשְּׁלשִׁים יוֹם. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר רַבִּי אָבִין כָּל אוֹתָן שְׁלשִׁים יוֹם שֶׁהָיָה רַבִּי חִיָּא רַבָּה נָזוּף מֵרַבֵּנוּ, אַלֵּיף לְרַב בַּר אֲחָתֵיהּ כָּל כְּלָלֵי דְאוֹרַיְתָא, וְאִלֵּין אִינוּן כְּלָלַיָיא דְאוֹרַיְתָא הִלְכְתָא דְּבַבְלָאֵי. לְסוֹף תְּלָתִין יוֹמִין אָתָא אֵלִיָּהוּ זָכוּר לַטּוֹב בִּדְמוּתֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי חִיָּא רַבָּה אֵצֶל רַבֵּנוּ וִיְהַב יְדֵיהּ עַל שִׁנֵּיהּ וְאִתְּסֵי, כֵּיוָן דְּאָתָא רַבִּי חִיָּא רַבָּה לְגַבֵּי רַבֵּנוּ אֲמַר לֵיהּ מָה עֲבַדְתְּ בְּשִׁנָּךְ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מִן עוֹנָתָא דִּיהַבְתְּ יְדָךְ עִלּוֹהִי אִתְנְשֵׁימַת, אֲמַר לֵיהּ לֵית אֲנָא הֲוָה יָדַע מָה הוּא. כֵּיוָן דְּשָׁמַע כֵּן שָׁרֵי נָהֵיג בֵּיהּ יְקָרָא, וְקָרַב תַּלְמִידִים וּמְעַיֵּיל לֵיהּ מִלְּגַאו. אָמַר רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בֶּן רַבִּי יוֹסֵי וְלִפְנִים מִמֶּנִּי, אָמַר לֵיהּ חַס וְשָׁלוֹם לֹא יֵעָשֶׂה כֵן בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל. רַבֵּנוּ הֲוָה מְתַנֵּי שִׁבְחֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי חִיָּא רַבָּה קַמֵּיהּ דְּרַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בֶּן רַבִּי יוֹסֵי, אָמַר לֵיהּ אָדָם גָּדוֹל, אָדָם קָדוֹשׁ. חַד זְמַן חֲמִיתֵיהּ בֵּי בָנֵי וְלָא אִתְכְּנַע מִנֵּיהּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ הַהוּא תַּלְמִידָךְ דַּהֲוַת מִשְׁתַּבַּח בֵּיהּ חֲמִיתֵּיהּ בֵּי בָנֵי וְלָא אִתְכְּנַע מִנָּאי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ וְלָמָּה לָא אִתְכְּנָעַת מִנֵּיהּ, אָמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי חִיָּא מִסְתַּכֵּל הָיִיתִי בְּאַגָּדַת תְּהִלִּים, כֵּיוָן דְּשָׁמַע כֵּן מְסַר לֵיהּ תְּרֵין תַּלְמִידוֹי וַהֲווֹ עָיְילִין עִמֵּיהּ לַאֲשׁוּנָה, דְּלָא יִשְׁהֵי וְתִזְעַר נַפְשֵׁיהּ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, טוֹב ה' לַכֹּל וגו', וַיִּזְכֹּר אֱלֹהִים אֶת נֹחַ וגו', אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמֵנִי אוֹי לָהֶם לָרְשָׁעִים שֶׁהֵם הוֹפְכִים מִדַּת רַחֲמִים לְמִדַּת הַדִין, בְּכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ה', מִדַּת רַחֲמִים, (שמות לד, ו): ה' ה' אֵל רַחוּם וְחַנּוּן, וּכְתִיב (בראשית ו, ה): וַיַּרְא ה' כִּי רַבָּה רָעַת הָאָדָם בָּאָרֶץ, (בראשית ו, ו): וַיִּנָּחֶם ה' כִּי עָשָׂה אֶת הָאָדָם (בראשית ו, ז): וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֶמְחֶה וגו', אַשְׁרֵיהֶם הַצַּדִּיקִים שֶׁהֵן הוֹפְכִים מִדַּת הַדִּין לְמִדַּת רַחֲמִים. בְּכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר אֱלֹהִים הוּא מִדַּת הַדִּין (שמות כב, כז): אֱלֹהִים לֹא תְקַלֵּל, (שמות כב, ח): עַד הָאֱלֹהִים יָבֹא דְּבַר שְׁנֵיהֶם, וּכְתִיב (שמות ב, כד): וַיִּשְׁמַע אֱלֹהִים אֶת נַאֲקָתָם וַיִּזְכֹּר אֱלֹהִים אֶת בְּרִיתוֹ וגו' (בראשית ל, כב): וַיִּזְכֹּר אֱלֹהִים אֶת רָחֵל וגו', וַיִּזְכֹּר אֱלֹהִים אֶת נֹחַ, מַה זְּכִירָה נִזְכַּר לוֹ שֶׁזָּן וּפִרְנֵס אוֹתָם כָּל שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ בַּתֵּבָה, וַיִּזְכֹּר אֱלֹהִים אֶת נֹחַ, וְהַדִּין נוֹתֵן מִזְּכוּת הַטְּהוֹרִים שֶׁהִכְנִיס עִמּוֹ בַּתֵּבָה. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר לְשֵׁם קָרְבָּנוֹ נִקְרָא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ח, כא): וַיָּרַח ה' אֶת רֵיחַ הַנִּיחֹחַ. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר חֲנִינָא לְשֵׁם נַחַת הַתֵּבָה נִקְרָא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ח, ד): וַתָּנַח הַתֵּבָה בַּחֹדֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִי וגו'. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אוֹמֵר (בראשית ח, כב): לֹא יִשְׁבֹּתוּ, מִכְּלַל שֶׁשָּׁבָתוּ. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן לֹא שִׁמְשׁוּ מַזָּלוֹת כָּל שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ, אָמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן שִׁמְשׁוּ אֶלָּא שֶׁלֹא הָיָה רִשּׁוּמָן נִכָּר.
“The Lord is good to all, and His mercy is upon all His works [maasav]” (Psalms 145:9) – Rabbi Levi said: “The Lord is good to all, [and His mercy is] upon” everything, because they are “His works.”5God is beneficent and good to everyone, because they are all His creations. Rabbi Shmuel said: “The Lord is good to all, and His mercy is upon” everyone, because that is His attribute, that He is merciful.6He interprets maasav to mean: This is His attribute. Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin said in the name of Rabbi Levi: “The Lord is good to all” and imparts some of His mercy to His creations [maasav].7Mercy is a divine attribute, but God imparts some of this trait to mankind, to practice among themselves. Rabbi Tanḥuma and Rabbi Abba bar Avin in the name of Rabbi Aḥa: Tomorrow a year of drought may come and [you will see that] people have compassion for one another, and the Holy One blessed be He [in turn] becomes filled with mercy upon them [and grants rain].
In the days of Rabbi Tanḥuma, the people of Israel needed to declare a fast [due to a drought]. They came to him and said to him: ‘Rabbi, decree a fast.’ He decreed a fast one day, a second day and a third day,8As prescribed in the Mishna (Taanit 1:5). but rain did not fall. He came in [to the synagogue] and preached to them, saying to them: My children, fill yourselves with mercy for one another, and the Holy One blessed be He will then become filled with mercy for you. While they were distributing charity to their poor, they saw someone who was giving money to his divorcée. They came to him [Rabbi Tanḥuma] and said to him: Rabbi, why are we sitting by while there is a transgression taking place here among us?9A man and his divorcée are not permitted to engage together in commercial transactions. He said to them: What is it that you saw? They said to him: We saw so-and-so giving money to his divorcée. He sent for them and brought them into the congregation. He said to him: What is this woman to you? He said to him: She is my divorcée. He said to him: Why were you giving her money? He said to him: Rabbi, I saw that she was in distress, and I became filled with compassion for her.10So I gave her charity. At that moment, Rabbi Tanḥuma lifted his face heavenward and said: Master of the universe, if this man, who has no obligation to support her [his divorcée], saw her in distress and became filled with compassion for her, then regarding You, of whom it is written: “Gracious and merciful” (Psalms 145:8), and us, who are the descendants of Your beloved ones, the sons of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob – all the more so that You should become filled with compassion for us. Thereupon rain fell, and the thirst of the world was quenched.
Our Rabbi11Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, often referred to as simply “Rabbi.” was once occupied in Torah study in front of the synagogue of the Babylonians in Tzippori. A certain calf passed by him. It was going off to be slaughtered, and began lowing, as if to say: Save me. He said to it: ‘What can I do for you? It was for this purpose that you were created.’ Rabbi suffered from toothaches for thirteen years. Rabbi Yosei bar Avin said: All those thirteen years that Rabbi suffered from toothaches, no woman in the land of Israel miscarried, and women in childbirth suffered no pain.12Rabbi Yehuda’s suffering served as an atonement for all of them. Sometime later, a small creeping animal passed in front of his daughter, and she was going to kill it. He said to her: ‘My daughter, leave it, as it is written: “His mercy is upon all His works”’ (Psalms 145:9).13Rabbi Yehuda felt that his suffering was due to his having been callous towards that calf instead of feeling pity for it.
Our Rabbi was exceedingly humble, and he would say: Anything a person might ask me to do [to show him deference] I would do, except for what the sons of Beteira did to my ancestor,14Hillel the Elder (see Pesaḥim 66a). when they stepped down from their prominent positions and promoted him [in their stead]. But if Rav Huna the Exilarch15The supreme leader of Babylonian Jewry. were to come up to here,16From Babylon. I would stand up before him.17Even though my position is more eminent than his. Why? Because he is from [the tribe of] Judah,18And dominion over Israel rightly belongs to Judah (Genesis 49:10). The exilarch was a descendant of the House of David. and I am from Benjamin; he is from the males of Judah, and I am from the females.19Hillel’s mother was of Davidic ancestry. Rabbi Ḥiyya the Great said to him: ‘Why, he is standing right outside.’ Rabbi’s face became ashen. When he [Ḥiyya] saw that his face had become ashen, he said to him: ‘It is his coffin.’20Rav Huna had died, and his body had been sent for burial in the land of Israel. He [Rabbi] said to him [Rabbi Ḥiyya]: ‘Someone wants you outside, go out and see who it is.’ He went outside and did not find anyone there. He realized that he had been placed under admonishment [by Rabbi],21For having discomfited him. and admonishment lasts for no fewer than thirty days.
Rabbi Yosei bar Rabbi Avin said: All those thirty days during which Rabbi Ḥiyya the Great was under admonishment from our Rabbi, he taught his nephew Rav22The founder of Talmudic scholarship in Babylon. all the principles of the Torah, and those are the Torah principles that comprise Babylonian halakha. At the conclusion of thirty days, Elijah of blessed memory came to our Rabbi in the guise of Rabbi Ḥiyya the Great, placed his hand on his tooth and it was cured. When Rabbi Ḥiyya the Great came before Our Rabbi, he [Rabbi Ḥiyya] said to him: ‘What did you do to your tooth?’23He noticed that Rabbi was no longer suffering from toothaches. He said to him: ‘From the time that you placed your hand on it, it was cured.’ He said to him: ‘I do not know anything about that.’ When he [Rabbi] heard this,24He realized that Elijah had presented himself as Rabbi Ḥiyya. he began treating him with respect, and when he would gather students, he would position him in the inner circle. Rabbi Yishmael ben Rabbi Yosei said: ‘[Will he be placed] even closer [to you] than I?’ He said to him: ‘God forbid, such a thing shall not be done in Israel.’25An expression from II Samuel 13:12.
Our Rabbi used to relate the praises of Rabbi Ḥiyya the Great before Rabbi Yishmael ben Rabbi Yosei. He said to him: ‘He is a great man, a holy man.’ One time, he saw him in the bathhouse, and he [Rabbi Ḥiyya] did not show him deference. He [Rabbi Yishmael] said to him [Rabbi]: ‘That student of yours whom you praise, I saw him in the bathhouse and he did not show deference to me.’ He said to him [to Rabbi Ḥiyya]: ‘Why did you not show deference to him?’ Rabbi Ḥiyya said to him: ‘I was deep in thought about the aggada of Psalms [and did not notice him].’ When he [Rabbi] heard this, he appointed for him two students who would enter with him to the caldarium, so that he would not tarry there26Since he was given to becoming distracted in his studies. and have his life compromised.
Another interpretation: “The Lord is good to all…” (Psalms 145:9); “God remembered Noah….” – Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said: Woe unto the wicked, as they transform [God’s] attribute of mercy into the attribute of strict justice. Everywhere that “the Lord” is stated, it refers to the attribute of mercy – “the Lord, the Lord, merciful and gracious God” (Exodus 34:6); yet it is written: “The Lord saw that the wickedness of man was great on the earth” (Genesis 6:5); “the Lord regretted that He had made man” (Genesis 6:6); “the Lord said: I will obliterate…” (Genesis 6:7).27Even God’s attribute of mercy (indicated by the name “the Lord”) became hardened as a result of these evildoers. Fortunate are the righteous, as they transform the attribute of strict justice into the attribute of mercy. Everywhere that God [Elohim] is stated, it refers to the attribute of justice. “You shall not curse judges [elohim]” (Exodus 22:27); “the please of both of them shall come to the judges [elohim]” (Exodus 22:8); yet it is written: “God [Elohim] heard their groan, and God [Elohim] remembered His covenant…” (Exodus 2:24); “God [Elohim] remembered Rachel…” (Genesis 30:22); “God [Elohim] remembered Noah.”28Even God’s attribute of strict justice (indicated by “Elohim”) is softened on behalf of the righteous.
What [favorable] memory did [God] remember to his credit? It was that he fed and sustained them [the animals] all twelve months in the ark.29That is what is meant by “God remembered Noah, and all the beasts, etc.” “God remembered Noah” – and it is only reasonable that it was [also] due to the merit of the kosher animals that he took with him.30Noah took seven of each kosher animal, rather than two, in order to offer them as sacrifices, and it was this merit that was remembered to his credit. This is derived from “God remembered Noah…and all the animals that were with him in the ark.”
Rabbi Eliezer says: He [Noah] got his name from the offering [he made to God], as it is stated: “The Lord smelled the pleasing [niḥoaḥ] aroma” (Genesis 8:21). Rabbi Yosei bar Ḥanina said: He got his name from the resting of the ark, as it is stated: “The ark rested [vatanaḥ] in the seventh month…” (Genesis 8:4).
Rabbi Yehoshua says: “[Planting and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night] shall not cease” (Genesis 8:22) – the implication is that they had ceased [during the Flood]. Rabbi Yoḥanan said: The constellations did not function all twelve months [of the Flood]. Rabbi Yonatan said to him: They functioned, but their effect was not noticeable.
וַיִּסָּכְרוּ מַעְיְנֹת תְּהוֹם (בראשית ח, ב), אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר לְרָעָה (בראשית ז, יא): בַּיּוֹם הַזֶּה נִבְקְעוּ כָּל מַעְיְנֹת תְּהוֹם רַבָּה וגו', אֲבָל לְטוֹבָה וַיִּסָּכְרוּ מַעְיְנֹת תְּהוֹם, אֲבָל לֹא כָּל מַעְיְנֹת, חוּץ מִמַּעְיַן טְבֶרְיָה וְאַבְּלוֹנִיס וּמְעָרַת פַּמַּיָיס. וַתָּנַח הַתֵּבָה בַּחֹדֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִי בְּשִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר וגו', עַל טוּרֵי קַרְדּוֹנְיָיא.
“The wellsprings of the depth and the windows of the heavens were dammed, and the rain from the heavens was terminated” (Genesis 8:2).
“The wellsprings of the depth…were dammed” – Rabbi Elazar said: In a bad context [it states]: “On that day all the wellsprings of the great depth were breached” (Genesis 7:11), but in a good context [it states]: “The wellsprings31Omitting the word “all.” of the depth…were dammed” – but not all the wellsprings, to exclude the [hot] spring of Tiberias, Ḥamat Gader, and the Banyas Cave.
“The ark rested in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, upon the mountains of Ararat” (Genesis 8:4).
“The ark rested in the seventh month, on the seventeenth [day of the month, upon the mountains of Ararat]” – on the Corduene mountains.
וַיְהִי מִקֵּץ אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם וַיִּפְתַּח נֹחַ (בראשית ח, ו), הֲדָא מְסַיְעָא לְהַהוּא דְּאָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא, חַלּוֹן. (בראשית ח, ז): וַיְשַׁלַּח אֶת הָעֹרֵב, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים קה, כח): שָׁלַח חשֶׁךְ וַיַּחְשִׁךְ. וַיֵּצֵא יָצוֹא וָשׁוֹב, רַבִּי יוּדָן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בֶּן רַבִּי סִימוֹן הִתְחִיל מְשִׁיבוֹ תְּשׁוּבוֹת, אָמַר לוֹ מִכָּל בְּהֵמָה חַיָּה וָעוֹף שֶׁיֵּשׁ כָּאן אֵין אַתָּה מְשַׁלֵּחַ אֶלָּא לִי, אָמַר לוֹ מַה צֹּרֶךְ לָעוֹלָם בָּךְ, לֹא לַאֲכִילָה וְלֹא לְקָרְבָּן. רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא אָמַר, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא קַבְּלוֹ, שֶׁעָתִיד הָעוֹלָם לְהִצְטָרֵךְ לוֹ, אָמַר לוֹ אֵימָתַי, אָמַר לוֹ עַד יְבשֶׁת הַמַּיִם מֵעַל הָאָרֶץ, עָתִיד צַדִּיק אֶחָד לַעֲמֹד וּלְיַבֵּשׁ אֶת הָעוֹלָם, וַאֲנִי מַצְרִיכוֹ לוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (מלכים א יז, ו): וְהָעֹרְבִים מְבִאִים לוֹ לֶחֶם וּבָשָׂר בַּבֹּקֶר וְלֶחֶם וּבָשָׂר בָּעָרֶב. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה וְרַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר עִיר הִיא בִּתְחוּם בֵּית שְׁאָן וּשְׁמָהּ עַרָבִי, רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה אָמַר עוֹרְבִים מַמָּשׁ הָיוּ, וּמֵהֵיכָן הָיוּ מְבִיאִים לוֹ מִשֻּׁלְחָנוֹ שֶׁל יְהוֹשָׁפָט. דָּרַשׁ רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא מַעֲשֵׂה דּוֹר הַמַּבּוּל בְּגִנְזָק שֶׁל מָדַי וְלֹא בָכוּ, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁהִזְכִּיר לָהֶם מַעֲשֶׂה אִיּוֹב מִיָּד בָּכוּ, וְקָרָא עֲלֵיהֶם הַמִּקְרָא הַזֶּה (איוב כד, כ): יִשְׁכָּחֵהוּ רֶחֶם מְתָקוֹ רִמָּה עוֹד לֹא יִזָּכֵר וַתִּשָּׁבֵר כָּעֵץ עַוְלָה. יִשְׁכָּחֵהוּ רֶחֶם, הֵן שִׁכְּחוּ רַחֲמַי מִן הַבְּרִיּוֹת, אַף הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שִׁכַּח רַחֲמָיו מֵהֶם. מְתָקוֹ רִמָּה, שֶׁמִּתְּקוּ רִמָּה מֵהֶן. עוֹד לֹא יִזָּכֵר וַתִּשָּׁבֵר כָּעֵץ עַוְלָה, אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ תֵּעָקֵר אֵין כְּתִיב, אֶלָּא תִּשָּׁבֵר, כְּדָבָר שֶׁנִּשְׁבַּר וְאֵינוֹ מַעֲלֶה חֲלִיפִין, וְאֵיזֶה זֶה דּוֹר הַפְלָגָה.
“It was at the end of forty days, and Noah opened the window of the ark that he made” (Genesis 8:6).
“It was at the end of forty days, and Noah opened [the window of the ark]” – this supports what Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said [earlier], that [the ark’s tzohar] was a window.32This is his interpretation of tzohar (Genesis 6:15) in Bereshit Rabba 31:11.
“He sent the raven, and it went back and forth, until the drying of the water from upon the earth” (Genesis 8:7).
“He sent the raven” – that is what is written: “He sent darkness and made it dark” (Psalms 105:28).33This is a poetic reference to the raven that Noah sent off. It is dark in color, and brought darkness as its reply, in that it did not perform its task but returned immediately to the ark.
“And it went back and forth [vashov]” – Rabbi Yudan in the name of Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon: It began presenting arguments [meshivo] to him [Noah]. He said to him, [as it were]:34By returning immediately and thereby refusing to carry out its task, it was as if it was protesting Noah’s choice of messenger. Of all the animals, beasts, and birds that are here, you are sending only me?35Why not send one of the species of which there are seven individuals? There are only two ravens, and by sending me off, you will effectively eradicate my species. He said to him: What need does the world have for you – [you are fit] neither for food nor for an offering.36Unlike the other animals, which are useful in some way. Noah did not want to allow the raven back into the ark. Rabbi Berekhya said in the name of Rabbi Abba bar Kahana: The Holy One blessed be He said to him [Noah]: Accept it [back into the ark], as the world will have a need for it in the future. He said to Him: When? He said to him: “Until the drying of the water from upon the earth” – a certain righteous man37Elijah the prophet (see I Kings 17:1). is destined to arise and dry out the world, and I will bring it about that he will have a need for it [the raven]. That is what is written: “The ravens [orevim] would bring him bread and meat in the morning, and bread and meat in the evening” (I Kings 17:6). Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Neḥemya: Rabbi Yehuda says: There is a city in the environs of Beit She’an whose name is Aravi.38People from there were called Orevim, and it was they who brought food to Elijah. Rabbi Neḥemya said: They were actual ravens. From where did they bring it [the food]? From the table of Yehoshafat.
Rabbi Akiva delivered a homily in Ginzak regarding the generation of the Flood, and they did not weep,39Although an entire generation was annihilated. but when he mentioned to them the story of Job, they immediately wept. He applied this verse to them [to the generation of the Flood]: “The womb will forget him; he will be sweet for the maggots; he will no longer be remembered, and injustice will be broken like a tree” (Job 24:20).40This passage in Job is often interpreted as a reference to the generation of the Flood. “The womb [reḥem] will forget him” – they caused mercy [raḥamim] to be forgotten among mankind;41By acting with cruel injustice towards one another. the Holy One blessed be He, too, caused His mercy to be forgotten from them. “He will be sweet for the maggots” – their flesh will be sweet for the maggots. “He will no longer be remembered, and injustice will be broken like a tree” – Rabbi Abbahu said: It is not written, “will be uprooted,” but rather, “will be broken” – like something that is broken and does not produce a replacement.42When a tree is uprooted it can be replanted elsewhere, but if it is broken it cannot regenerate. What is it?43Which group of people is the verse referring to here? It is the generation of the Dispersion.44After the Dispersion, mankind never returned to being united with “one language and one speech” (Genesis 11:1).
וַיְשַׁלַּח אֶת הַיּוֹנָה וגו' (בראשית ח, ח): וְלֹא מָצְאָה הַיּוֹנָה מָנוֹחַ וגו' (בראשית ח, ט), יְהוּדָה בַּר נַחְמָן בְּשֵׁם ר"ש אָמַר אִלּוּ מָצְאָה מָנוֹחַ לֹא הָיְתָה חוֹזֶרֶת, וְדִכְוָתָהּ (איכה א, ג): הִיא יָשְׁבָה בַגּוֹיִם לֹא מָצְאָה מָנוֹחַ, אִלּוּ מָצְאָה מָנוֹחַ לֹא הָיוּ חוֹזְרִים. וּדְכַוָּתָהּ (דברים כח, סה): וּבַגּוֹיִם הָהֵם לֹא תַרְגִּיעַ וְלֹא יִהְיֶה מָנוֹחַ וגו', הָא אִלּוּ מָצְאָה מָנוֹחַ לֹא הָיוּ חוֹזְרִים. (בראשית ח, י): וַיָּחֶל עוֹד שִׁבְעַת יָמִים, רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אָמַר שְׁלשָׁה שָׁבוּעוֹת יָמִים. וַיֹּסֶף שַׁלַּח אֶת הַיּוֹנָה, וַתָּבֹא אֵלָיו הַיּוֹנָה וגו' טָרָף בְּפִיהָ וגו', מַהוּ טָרָף, קְטִיל, הֵאיךְ מָה דְּאַתְּ אָמַר (בראשית לז, לג): טָרֹף טֹרַף יוֹסֵף, אָמַר לָהּ אִלּוּ שְׁבַקְתֵּיהּ אִילָן רַב הֲוָה מִתְעֲבֵד. מֵהֵיכָן הֵבִיאָה אוֹתוֹ, רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא אָמַר מִשַּׁבְשׁוּשִׁין שֶׁבְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל הֵבִיאָה אוֹתוֹ. רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר מֵהַר הַמִּשְׁחָה הֵבִיאָה אוֹתוֹ, דְּלָא טְפָת אַרְעָא דְּיִשְׂרָאֵל בְּמַבּוּלָא, וְהוּא שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אוֹמֵר לִיחֶזְקֵאל (יחזקאל כב, כד): אֶרֶץ לֹא מְטֹהָרָה הִיא לֹא גֻשְׁמָהּ בְּיוֹם זָעַם. רַב בֵּיבַי אָמַר נִפְתְּחוּ לָהּ שַׁעֲרֵי גַן עֵדֶן וְהֵבִיאָה אוֹתוֹ. אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ אִלּוּ מִגַּן עֵדֶן הֵבִיאָה אוֹתוֹ, לֹא הָיְתָה מְבִיאָה דָּבָר מְעֻלֶּה אוֹ קִנָּמוֹן אוֹ פָּלְסָמוֹן, אֶלָּא רֶמֶז רָמְזָה לוֹ, אָמְרָה לוֹ לְנֹחַ מוּטָב מַר מִזֶּה וְלֹא מָתוֹק מִתַּחַת יָדֶיךָ. (בראשית ח, יב): וַיִּיָחֶל עוֹד שִׁבְעַת יָמִים אֲחֵרִים, הֲדָא מְסַיְּעָא לְהָא דְּאָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר חֲנִינָא שְׁלשָׁה שָׁבוּעוֹת יָמִים, וַיְשַׁלַּח אֶת הַיּוֹנָה וְלֹא יָסְפָה שׁוּב אֵלָיו עוֹד.
“He sent the dove from him, to see if the water abated from upon the surface of the ground” (Genesis 8:8).
“But the dove did not find rest for its foot, and it returned to him to the ark, as water was upon the surface of the entire earth; and he extended his hand and took it, and brought it to him to the ark” (Genesis 8:9).
“He sent the dove…but the dove did not find rest…” – Yehuda bar Naḥman said in the name of Rabbi Shimon: Had it found rest, it would not have returned. Similarly, “it45The people of Israel. dwells among the nations, finding no rest” (Lamentations 1:3) – had it found rest, it would never have returned [from exile]. Similarly, “and among these nations you will not be calm, and there will be no rest…” (Deuteronomy 28:65) – but had it46The people of Israel. found rest they would never have returned.
“He waited yet another seven days and again sent the dove from the ark. The dove came to him at evening time, and behold, it had a plucked olive leaf in its mouth; and Noah knew that the water had abated from upon the earth” (Genesis 8:10–11).
“He waited yet another seven days” – Rabbi Yosei said: There were three sets of seven days.47There was a seven-day period between the sending of the raven and the first sending of the dove, though that is not mentioned in the verses, in addition to the two seven-day periods between the three times the dove was sent.
And again sent the dove from the ark…the dove came to him…plucked [taraf]…in its mouth” – what is taraf? “Killed,”48The plucking of the leaf led to the tree’s death. just as you say: “Joseph had been mauled [tarof toraf]” (Genesis 37:33). He said to it: Had you left it, it would have become a great tree.
From where did it [the dove] bring it [the leaf]?49Given that the entire surface of the earth had been destroyed. It was from the branches in the Land of Israel that it brought it. Rabbi Levi said: It brought it from the Mount of Olives, as the Land of Israel was not inundated in the Flood. That is what the Holy One blessed be He said to Ezekiel: “It is a land that has not been purified, that was not rained upon on the day of fury” (Ezekiel 22:24). Rav Beivai said: The gates of the Garden of Eden opened up before it, and it brought it [from there]. Rabbi Abbahu said: Had it brought it from the Garden of Eden, would it not have brought an item of greater excellence, either cinnamon or balsam? It is, rather, that it was alluding to a lesson for him. It was saying to Noah: Better this bitter item, and not something sweet dependent upon your hand.50Through the allusion of the dove with the olive leaf, God implied that it is better for a person to work for his own sustenance, even if he can afford only bitter food, than to receive sweet food as a handout.
“He waited yet another seven days and sent the dove, and it did not return again to him anymore” (Genesis 8:12).
“He waited yet another seven days” – this supports what Rabbi Yosei bar Ḥanina said: There were three sets of seven days; “He…sent the dove, and it did not return again to him anymore.”
וַיְהִי בְּאַחַת וְשֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה בָּרִאשׁוֹן בְּאֶחָד לַחֹדֶשׁ (בראשית ח, יג), תְּנִינַן מִשְׁפַּט דּוֹר הַמַּבּוּל שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ, הָא כֵיצַד (בראשית ז, יא): בִּשְׁנַת שֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה לְחַיֵּי נֹחַ בַּחֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי בְּשִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר לַחֹדֶשׁ, וּכְתִיב (בראשית ז, יב): וַיְהִי הַגֶּשֶׁם עַל הָאָרֶץ אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם וְאַרְבָּעִים לַיְלָה, זֶה מַרְחֶשְׁוָן וְכִסְלֵו, (בראשית ז, כד): וַיִּגְבְּרוּ הַמַּיִם עַל הָאָרֶץ חֲמִשִּׁים וּמְאַת יוֹם, הֲרֵי טֵבֵת וּשְׁבָט, אֲדָר וְנִיסָן וְאִיָּר, (בראשית ח, ד): וַתָּנַח הַתֵּבָה בַּחֹדֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִי בְּשִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר יוֹם לַחֹדֶשׁ עַל הָרֵי אֲרָרָט, זֶה סִיוָן שֶׁהוּא שְׁבִיעִי לְהַפְסָקַת גְּשָׁמִים, לְשִׁשָּׁה עָשָׂר יוֹם חָסְרוּ אַמָּה לְאַרְבַּעַת יָמִים, טֶפַח וּמֶחֱצָה בְּכָל יוֹם, וְנִמְצֵאתָ אוֹמֵר שֶׁהָיְתָה הַתֵּבָה מְשֻׁקַּעַת בַּמַּיִם אַחַת עֶשְׂרֵה אַמָּה, וְכֻלָּהַם לְשִׁשִּׁים יוֹם חָסְרוּ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (בראשית ח, ה): וְהַמַּיִם הָיוּ הָלוֹךְ וְחָסוֹר עַד הַחֹדֶשׁ הָעֲשִׂירִי, זֶה אָב, שֶׁהוּא עֲשִׂירִי לִירִידַת גְּשָׁמִים. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַיְהִי בְּאַחַת וְשֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה בָּרִאשׁוֹן בְּאֶחָד לַחֹדֶשׁ חָרְבוּ הַמַּיִם מֵעַל הָאָרֶץ, נַעֲשֵׂית כְּמִין טָפִיחַ. וּבַחֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי בְּעֶשְׂרִים וְשִׁבְעָה לַחֹדֶשׁ יָבְשָׁה הָאָרֶץ, נַעֲשֵׂית כַּגָּרִיד, זָרְעוּ אוֹתָהּ וְלֹא צָמְחָה, לָמָּה שֶׁהָיָה סִימָן קְלָלָה וְאֵין סִימָן קְלָלָה הָוֵי לִבְרָכָה, וְהִמְתִּינוּ עַד שֶׁיָּרְדוּ גְּשָׁמִים וְזָרְעוּ. לָא הֲוָה צָרִיךְ קְרָא לְמֵימַר אֶלָּא בְּשִׁשָּׁה עָשָׂר יוֹם לַחֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי יָבְשָׁה הָאָרֶץ, וּמַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר בְּשִׁבְעָה וְעֶשְׂרִים יוֹם לַחֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי יָבְשָׁה הָאָרֶץ, אֶלָּא אֵלּוּ אַחַד עָשָׂר יוֹם שֶׁיְמוֹת הַחַמָּה יְתֵרִים עַל יְמוֹת הַלְּבָנָה. אָמַר רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל כָּל מִי שֶׁהוּא רוֹצֶה לֵידַע שֶׁיְמוֹת הַחַמָּה יְתֵרִים עַל יְמוֹת הַלְּבָנָה אַחַד עָשָׂר יוֹם, יִסְרֹט לוֹ סְרִיטָה בַּכֹּתֶל בִּתְקוּפַת תַּמּוּז, וְלַשָּׁנָה הַבָּאָה בְּאוֹתוֹ הַזְּמַן אֵין הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ מַגַּעַת לְשָׁם עַד אַחַד עָשָׂר יוֹם, וּמִכָּאן אַתָּה יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁיְמוֹת הַחַמָּה יְתֵרִים עַל יְמוֹת הַלְבָנָה אַחַד עָשָׂר יוֹם.
“It was in the six hundred and first year, in the first month, on the first of the month, the water began to dry from upon the earth; Noah removed the cover of the ark, and he saw, and behold, the surface of the ground had begun to dry” (Genesis 8:13).
“It was in the six hundred and first year, in the first month, on the first of the month” – we learned: The judgment of the generation of the Flood lasted twelve months.51It began on the seventeenth day of the second month (Genesis 7:11), and ended on the twenty-seventh of the second month the following year (Genesis 8:14). How [did it progress]? “In the six hundredth year of the life of Noah, in the second month,52That being Marḥeshvan. on the seventeenth day of the month” (Genesis 7:11); and it is written: “The rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights” (Genesis 7:12) – that is [the remainder of] Marḥeshvan and [nearly all of] Kislev. “The water accumulated upon the earth for one hundred and fifty days” (Genesis 7:24) – that accounts for Tevet, Shevat, Adar, Nisan, and Iyar.53And the following day, at the beginning of Sivan, the water began to recede. “The ark rested in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, upon the mountains of Ararat” (Genesis 8:4) – this refers to Sivan, which was the seventh [month counting] from the cessation of the rain.54It cannot be referring to Nisan, which is the actual seventh month counting from Rosh HaShana, because the accumulation continued into Iyar, as explained previously. For sixteen days the water receded, one cubit every four days,55The water began to recede on the first of Sivan, as explained previously, and reached ground level on the first of Av, as the Midrash mentions later, for a total of sixty days of recession. The water was fifteen cubits deep (Genesis 7:20). The recession of the water, then, took place at the rate of one cubit per four days. being one and a half handbreadths per day.56There are six handbreadths in a cubit. You thus come to the conclusion that the ark was submerged eleven cubits into the water.57Since the water began receding on the first of Sivan, and the bottom of the ark touched ground sixteen days later, when the water had gone down to a height of eleven cubits. And it [the water] receded completely over the course of sixty days. That is what is written: “The water gradually receded until the tenth month” (Genesis 8:5) – this is Av, which is the tenth [month counting] from the falling of the rain.
Another interpretation:58The midrash is addressing the fact that Scripture states twice that the wetness dried up (8:13–14). “It was in the six hundred and first year, in the first month, on the first of the month, the water began to dry from upon the earth” – it [the earth] became like a soaking wet object. “And in the second month, on the twenty-seventh day of the month, the earth dried” (Genesis 8:14) – it became like completely dry land. They sowed it, but it did not grow anything. Why? Because it59The moisture in the ground. represented a curse,60The water in the soil, which was leftover from the Flood, was cursed water. and that which represents a curse cannot bring about blessing. So they waited until rain fell, and they sowed [again].
The verse should have rather said: “And on the sixteenth day of the second month, the earth dried.”61That would have made the duration of the Flood exactly one year long, as it began on the seventeenth of the second month in the previous year. Why, then, does the verse state: And on the twenty-seventh day of the second month, the earth dried” (Genesis 8:14)? These [extra days] were the eleven days that the solar year is longer than the lunar year.62A solar year is 365 days, whereas twelve lunar months add up to 354 days. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel said: Anyone who wishes to ascertain that the solar cycle is eleven days longer than the lunar cycle, let him make a scratch on the wall [where the sun reaches at a given time of day] during the season of Tamuz.63Summer The next year at the same time, the sun will not reach that point until eleven days later. From this you can ascertain that the solar cycle is eleven days longer than the lunar cycle.